Assessing the efficacy of synthetic compounds foliar sprays in alleviating terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Tribhuwan Singh A , Chandrakant Singh
B * , Rajiv Kumar C and Nandeesha C. V. D
A
B
C
D
Abstract
Detrimental effects of terminal heat stress could be mitigated by exogenous application of synthetic compounds by preserving cell membrane integrity and protecting against oxidative damage. A field experiment was conducted to test the application of seven synthetic compounds on wheat growth traits: (1) thiourea (20 mM and 40 mM); (2) potassium nitrate (1% and 2%); (3) sodium nitroprusside (400 μg mL−1 and 800 μg mL−1); (4) dithiothreitol (25 ppm and 50 ppm); (5) salicylic acid (100 ppm and 200 ppm); (6) thioglycolic acid (200 ppm and 500 ppm); and (7) putrescine (4 mM and 6 mM). These compounds were applied at the anthesis and grain-filling stages to enhance physio-biochemical traits and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cvs GW-11 and GW-496 under terminal heat stress. The results indicated that GW-11 plants treated with 100 ppm salicylic acid exhibited significant improvements (P ≤ 0.05) in canopy temperature depression, proline content, total chlorophyll content, and the membrane stability index. Compared with the control treatment, foliar application of 100 ppm salicylic acid at both stages caused increases in grain yield (19.5%), followed by a 14% increase with 4 mM putrescine. These yield improvements were attributed to higher grains per spike, more effective tillers, and greater 1000-grain weight, reflecting enhanced sink capacity and grain development under stress. Consequently, the foliage application of 100 ppm salicylic acid at the anthesis and grain-filling stages is recommended to improve late-sown wheat productivity and reduce terminal heat stress.
Keywords: dithiothreitol, HUE, PCA, proline, salicylic acid, sodium nitroprusside, terminal heat stress, thiourea.
References
Abd Elhamid EM, Orabi SA, Sadak MS (2016) Physiological responses of grain soaking with Aspirin on two cultivars of wheat plant. International Journal of Chem Tech Research 9(9), 124-131.
| Google Scholar |
Abhilash CSD, Singh R, Premdeep RS (2017) Agrometeorological indices and phenology of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different dates of transplanting. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6(3), 212-222.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Agarwal VP, Gupta NK, Gupta PC, Rizwan M, Singh G (2017) Sulfhydral compounds mitigate the adverse effect of high temperature stress in contrasting wheat genotypes. Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 30(1), 87-91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ahatsham M, Singh S, Dagar CS (2018) Heat use efficiency of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) at different phenophases in Western Haryana, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(6), 1977-1981.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ahmad M, Waraich EA, Zulfiqar U, Ullah A, Farooq M (2021) Thiourea application improves heat tolerance in camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) by modulating gas exchange, antioxidant defense and osmoprotection. Industrial Crops and Products 170, 113826.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ahmed MMM, Sadak MS (2016) Effect of putrescine foliar application on wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) under water stress conditions. International Journal of PharmTech Research 9(8), 94-102.
| Google Scholar |
Al-Ashkar NM, Bakry BA, El-Bassiouny HMS, Abdallah MMS, Sadak MS (2024) Sodium nitroprusside as a signal molecule for up-regulating membrane characteristics, antioxidant defense system to improve flax productivity under water stress. Oil Crop Science 9(3), 160-169.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Amani I, Fischer RA, Reynolds MP (1996) Canopy temperature depression association with yield of irrigated spring wheat cultivars in a hot climate. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 176, 119-129.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Amin AA, Rashad M, Gharib FA (2008) Changes in morphological, physiological and reproductive characters of wheat plants as affected by foliar application with salicylic acid and ascorbic acid. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2(2), 252-261.
| Google Scholar |
Anosheh HP, Emam Y, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2012) Exogenous application of salicylic acid and chlormequat chloride alleviates negative effects of drought stress in wheat. Advanced Studies in Biology 4(11), 501-520.
| Google Scholar |
Asseng S, Foster I, Turner NC (2011) The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology 17, 997-1012.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Asseng S, Ewert F, Martre P, et al. (2015) Rising temperatures reduce global wheat production. Nature Climate Change 5, 143-147.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ayeneh A, van Ginkel M, Reynolds MP, Ammar K (2002) Comparison of leaf, spike, peduncle and canopy temperature depression in wheat under heat stress. Field Crops Research 79, 173-184.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bahar B, Yildirim M, Barutcular C, Genc I (2008) Effect of canopy temperature depression on grain yield and yield components in bread and durum wheat. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 36, 34-37.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bakhoum GS, Sadak MS, Badr ELSayed eAE-M (2022) Influence of boron and/or potassium accompanied by two irrigation systems on chickpea growth, yield and quality under sandy soil conditions. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry 65(132), 103-117.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bakry BA, El-Hariri DM, Sadak MS, El-Bassiouny HMS (2012) Drought stress mitigation by foliar application of salicylic acid in two linseed varieties grown under newly reclaimed sandy soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 8(7), 3503-3514.
| Google Scholar |
Bardhan K, Kumar V, Dhimmar SK (2007) An evaluation of the potentiality of exogenous osmoprotectants mitigating water stress on chickpea. Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka 3(2), 67-74.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Buttar ZA, Wu SN, Arnao MB, Wang C, Ullah I, Wang C (2020) Melatonin suppressed the heat stress-induced damage in wheat seedlings by modulating the antioxidant machinery. Plants 9(7), 809.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chakraborty U, Pradhan B (2012) Oxidative stress in five wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to water stress and study of their antioxidant enzyme defense system, water stress responsive metabolites and H2O2 accumulation. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 24(2), 117-130.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chaurasiya A, Singh D, Dutta SK, Chowdhury AR, Dubey SK (2018) Growth and yield enhancement of wheat through foliar spray of osmoprotectants under high temperature stress condition. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(3), 2819-2825.
| Google Scholar |
Chouhan KS, Kakralya BS, Bajya M, Sodani K (2017) Salicylic acid mitigate the adverse effect of high temperature stress on yield and yield determining parameters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(4), 1052-1055.
| Google Scholar |
Deryng D, Conway D, Ramankutty N, Price J, Warren R (2014) Global crop yield response to extreme heat stress under multiple climate change futures. Environmental Research Letters 9, 034011.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dubey R, Pathak H, Singh S, Chakravarti B, Thakur AK, Fagodia RK (2019) Impact of sowing dates on terminal heat tolerance of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. National Academy Science Letters 42(6), 445-449.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dwivedi R, Prasad S, Jaiswal B, Kumar A, Tiwari A, Patel S, Pandey S, Pandey G (2017) Evaluation of wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) at grain filling stage for heat tolerance. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5(2), 971-975.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dwivedi SK, Kumar G, Basu S, Kumar S, Rao KK, Choudhary A K (2018) Physiological and molecular aspects of heat tolerance in wheat. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 50(2), 192-216.
| Google Scholar |
El-Hendawy SE, Hu Y, Yakoot GM, Awad AM, Hafiz SE, Schmidhalter U (2004) Evaluating salt tolerance of wheat genotypes using multiple parameters. European Journal of Agronomy 22(3), 243-253.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Erekul O, Köhn W (2006) Effect of weather and soil conditions on yield components and bread-making quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter Triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) varieties in North-East Germany. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 192, 452-464.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Farmer EE, Mueller MJ (2013) ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation and RES-activated signalling. Annual Review of Plant Biology 64, 429-450.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Farooq M, Bramley H, Palta JA, Siddique KHM (2011) Heat stress in wheat during reproductive and grain filling phases. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30, 491-507.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ghai N, Setia RC, Setia N (2002) Effects of paclobutrazol and salicylic acid on chlorophyll content, hill activity and yield components in Brassica napus L. cv. GSL-1. Phytomorphology 52, 83-87.
| Google Scholar |
Hasanuzzaman M, Alam MM, Rahman A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Fujita M (2014) Exogenous proline and glycine betaine mediated upregulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems provides better protection against salt-induced oxidative stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. BioMed Research International 2014, 757219.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hemantaranjan A, Nishant Bhanu A, Singh MN, Yadav DK, Patel PK, Singh R, Katiyar D (2014) Heat stress responses and thermotolerance. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research 1(3), 62-70.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Iqbal M, Ashraf M (2006) Wheat seed priming in relation to salt tolerance: growth, yield and level of free salicylic acid and polyamines. Annales Botanici Fennici 43(4), 250-259.
| Google Scholar |
Jhanji S, Gill DS (2011) Phenological development and heat unit requirement of wheat under different dates of sowing. Indian Journal of Animal Research 45(2), 161-166.
| Google Scholar |
Kaushal N, Bhandari K, Siddique KHM, Nayyar H (2016) Food crops face rising temperatures: an overview of responses, adaptive mechanisms, and approaches to improve heat tolerance. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2(1), 1134380.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khan MIR, Iqbal N, Masood A, Per TS, Khan NA (2013) Salicylic acid alleviates adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis through changes in proline production and ethylene formation. Plant Signaling & Behavior 8, e26374.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kousar R, Qureshi R, Jalal-ud-din , Munir M, Shabbir G (2018) Salicylic acid mediated heat stress tolerance in selected bread wheat genotypes of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany 50(6), 2141-2146.
| Google Scholar |
Kumar RR, Goswami S, Gadpayle KA, Singh K, Sharma SK, Singh GP, Pathak H, Rai RD (2014) Ascorbic acid at pre-anthesis modulate the thermotolerance level of wheat (Triticum aestivum) pollen under heat stress. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 23(3), 293-306.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kusano T, Berberich T, Tateda C, Takahashi Y (2008) Polyamines: essential factors for growth and survival. Planta 228(3), 367-381.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Lakhran H, Sharma OP, Bajiya R, Choudhary JR, Kanwar S, Choudhary M (2021) Effect of foliar application of bioregulators for improving high temperature tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Environmental Biology 42, 1078-1084.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lichtenthaler HK, Wellburn AR (1983) Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions 11, 591-592.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Maghsoudi K, Emam Y, Niazi A, Pessarakli M, Arvin MJ (2018) P5CS expression level and proline accumulation in the sensitive and tolerant wheat cultivars under control and drought stress conditions in the presence/absence of silicon and salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Interactions 13, 461-471.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
McMaster GS, Wilhelm WW (1997) Growing degree-days: one equation, two interpretations. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 87, 291-300.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mohan D, Singh SS, Gupta RK (2011) Vibrancy of the Indian wheat in upholding yield and quality under global environmental change. In ‘Wheat: productivity enhancement under changing climate’. (Eds SS Singh, RR Hanchinal, G Singh, RK Sharma, BS Tyagi, MS Saharan, I Sharma) pp. 87–94. (Narosa Publishing House: New Delhi)
Mohi-Ud-Din M, Siddiqui N, Rohman M, Jagadish SVK, Ahmed JU, Hassan MM, Islam T (2021) Physiological and biochemical dissection reveals a trade-off between antioxidant capacity and heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Antioxidants 10(3), 351.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Nikolaeva MK, Maevskaya SN, Shugaev AG, Bukhov NG (2010) Effect on drought on chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of three wheat cultivars varying in productivity. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 57(1), 87-95.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ohama N, Sato H, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2017) Transcriptional regulatory network of plant heat stress response. Trends in Plant Science 22(1), 53-65.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Pandey GC, Mamrutha HM, Tiwari R, Sareen S, Bhatia S, Siwach P, Tiwari V, Sharma I (2015) Physiological traits associated with heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 21, 93-99.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Qin W, Wang J, Ma L, Wang F, Hu N, Yang X, Yu K (2022) UAV-based multi-temporal thermal imaging to evaluate wheat drought resistance in different deficit irrigation regimes. Remote Sensing 14(21), 5608.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rady MM, Sadak MS, El-Bassiouny HMS, El-Monem AAA (2011) Alleviation the adverse effects of salinity stress in sunflower cultivars using nicotinamide and α-tocopherol. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5(10), 342-355.
| Google Scholar |
Ragaey MM, Sadak MS, Dawood MFA, Mousa NHS, Hanafy RS, Latef AAHA (2022) Role of signaling molecules sodium nitroprusside and arginine in alleviating salt-Induced oxidative stress in wheat. Plants 11(14), 1786.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rahman M, Mostofa MG, Keya SS, Rahman A, Das AK, Islam R, Abdelrahman M, Bhuiyan SU, Naznin T, Ansary MU, Tran L-SP (2021) Acetic acid improves drought acclimation in soybean: an integrative response of photosynthesis, osmoregulation, mineral uptake and antioxidant defense. Physiologia Plantarum 172(2), 334-350.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rane J, Singh AK, Kumar M, Boraiah KM, Meena KK, Pradhan A, Prasad PVV (2021) The adaptation and tolerance of major cereals and legumes to important abiotic stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(23), 12970.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ren B, Yu W, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J (2023) Responses of photosynthetic characteristics and leaf senescence in summer maize to simultaneous stresses of waterlogging and shading. The Crop Journal 11(1), 269-277.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Revathi T, Sree Rekha M (2017) Phenology of fingermillet (Eleusine coracana L.) in relation to AgroClimatic indices under different sowing dates. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology 4(3), 5029-5032.
| Google Scholar |
Sadak MS (2016) Physiological role of yeast extract and nicotinamide on Pisum sativum L. plants under heat stress. International Journal of PharmTech Research 9(9), 170-178.
| Google Scholar |
Sadak MS, Dawood MG (2023) Biofertilizer role in alleviating the deleterious effects of salinity on wheat growth and productivity. Gesunde Pflanzen 75(4), 1207-1219.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sadak MS, Orabi SA (2015) Improving thermo tolerance of wheat plant by foliar application of citric acid or oxalic acid. International Journal of ChemTech Research 8(1), 333-345.
| Google Scholar |
Sairam RK, Shukla DS, Saxena DC (1997) Stress induced injury and antioxidant enzymes in relation to drought tolerance in wheat genotypes. Biologia Plantarum 39, 357-364.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sastry CSP, Mangala DS, Rao KE (1985) Spectrophotometric method for the determination of pentazocine and mefenamic acid. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 47, 123-124.
| Google Scholar |
Savchenko GE, Klyuchareva EA, Abramchik LM, Serdyuchenko EV (2002) Effect of periodic heat shock on the inner membrane system of etioplasts. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 49, 349-359.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutdinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR (2003) Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science 164, 317-322.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sharma RC, Duveiller E (2004) Effect of helminthosporium leaf blight on performance of timely and late-seeded wheat under optimal and stressed levels of soil fertility and moisture. Field Crops Research 89, 205-218.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shewry PR (2009) Wheat. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 1537-1553.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sies H, Stahl W (1995) Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 1315S-1321S.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Singh B, Usha K (2003) Salicylic acid induces biochemical and physiological in wheat seedling under water stress. Plant Growth Regulation 39, 137-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sinha D, Maurya AK, Abdi G, Majeed M, Agarwal R, Mukherjee R, Ganguly S, Aziz R, Bhatia M, Majgaonkar A, Seal S, Das M, Banerjee S, Chowdhury S, Adeyemi SB, Chen J-T (2023) Integrated genomic selection for accelerating breeding programs of climate-smart cereals. Genes 14(7), 1484.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sulochana NS, Solanki JS, Dhewa JS, Bajia R (2015) Effect of sowing dates on growth, phenology and agro meterological indices for maize varieties. The Bioscan 10(3), 1339-1343.
| Google Scholar |
Suryavanshi P, Buttar GS (2018) Effects of exogenous osmoprotectants on physiological characteristics of wheat. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7, 1077-1089.
| Google Scholar |
Suryavanshi P, Singh Buttar G (2016) Mitigating terminal heat stress in wheat. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 7(1), 142-150.
| Google Scholar |
Tufa KN (2022) Review on effects, mechanisms and managements of plants water stress. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering 11, 357.
| Google Scholar |
Ullah S, Bramley H, Mahmood T, Trethowan R (2020) A strategy of ideotype development for heat-tolerant wheat. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 206, 229-241.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
USDA (2020) United States Department of Agriculture. Available at http://www.fas.usda.gov
Wahid A, Gelani S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR (2007) Heat tolerance in plants: an overview. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61, 199-223.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wakchaure GC, Minhas PS, Ratnakumar P, Choudhary RL (2016) Effect of plant bioregulators on growth, yield and water production functions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Agricultural Water Management 177, 138-145.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Wang Y, Zhang H, Hou P, Su X, Zhao P, Zhao H, Liu S (2014) Foliar-applied salicylic acid alleviates heat and high light stress induced photoinhibition in wheat (Triticum aestivum) during the grain filling stage by modulating the psbA gene transcription and antioxidant defense. Plant Growth Regulation 73, 289-297.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Watson DJ (1952) The physiological basis of variation in yield. Advances in Agronomy 4, 101-145.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yue B, Xue W, Xiong L, Yu X, Luo L, Cui K, Jin D, Xing Y, Zhang Q (2006) Genetic basis of drought resistance at reproductive stage in rice, separation of drought tolerance from drought avoidance. Genetics 172, 1213-1228.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang CY, Wang NN, Zhang YH, Feng QZ, Yang CW, Liu B (2013) DNA methylation involved in proline accumulation in response to osmotic stress in rice (Oryza sativa). Genetics and Molecular Research 12, 1269-1277.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Zhang M-X, Bai R, Nan M, Ren W, Wang C-M, Shabala S, Zhang J-L (2022) Evaluation of salt tolerance of oat cultivars and the mechanism of adaptation to salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology 273, 153708.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zheng YH, Xu XB, Wang MY, Zheng XH, Li ZJ, Jiang GM (2009) Responses of salt-tolerant and intolerant wheat genotypes to sodium chloride: photosynthesis, antioxidants activities, and yield. Photosynthetica 47, 87-94.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zheng J-L, Zhao L-Y, Wu C-W, Shen B, Zhu A-Y (2015) Exogenous proline reduces NaCl-induced damage by mediating ionic and osmotic adjustment and enhancing antioxidant defence in Eurya emarginata. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37, 181.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
