Direct Gene Transfer to Protoplasts

Abstract

Direct transfer of genes to protoplasts is considered, using electroporation and polyethylene-glycol-induced plasmid uptake. Both transient expression and stable transformation are discussed, with data and comparisons from the following protoplast systems: Nicotiana plumbaginifolia suspension culture, Nicotiana tabacum leaf, Medicago sativa leaf and Triticum monococcum suspension culture.