Open field hardening improves leaf physiological drought tolerance in young plants of Sindora siamensis
Warunya Paethaisong A , Preeyanuch Lakhunthod B , Supranee Santanoo C , Natthamon Chandarak C D , Sujittra Onwan E , Naruemol Kaewjampa F and Anoma Dongsansuk
C D *
A
B
C
D
E
F
Abstract
The effect of drought stress on leaf physiology was studied in 10-month-old plants of Sindora siamensis. Plants were either placed in an open greenhouse (unhardening; UH) or in an open field (open field hardening; H) for 45 days. Both the UH and H plants stopped receiving water (D) until the initial drought injury and then rewatered (R) until complete recovery. Results showed necrosis in the leaves of UH + D, while H + D showed wilting at Day 7 after drought. A greater degree of necrosis was found in UH + D + R but made complete recovery in H + D + R at Day 4 after rewatering. Drought stress resulted in decreased leaf area in H, and reduced leaf and stem water status, PSII efficiency, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in both UH and H. It also resulted in an increase in water use efficiency in both UH and H. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde contents in UH were markedly increased due to drought stress. These results suggest that unhardened young plants of Sindora exposed to drought exhibited enhanced stomata behaviour by minimising open stomata and transpiration, resulting in high efficiency of water usage. However, there was still membrane damage from lipid peroxidation, which caused necrosis. Open field hardened plants exposed to drought demonstrated reduced open stomata and transpiration, thereby preserving leaf and soil water status and enhancing water use efficiency. This may be a reduction in lipid peroxidation though an oxidative scavenging mechanism that causes a slight alteration in membrane stability and a slight necrosis.
Keywords: climate change, drought stress, hardening, leaf CO2 gas exchange, leaf physiology, lipid peroxidation, PSII efficiency, Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq., stomata, water status.
References
Abobatta WF (2019) Influence of drought stress on plant growth and productivity. Current Investigations in Agriculture and Current Research 6, 855-857.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ahluwalia O, Singh PC, Bhatia R (2021) A review on drought stress in plants: implications, mitigation and the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Resources, Environment and Sustainability 5, 100032.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Alduchov OA, Eskridge RE (1996) Improved Magnus form approximation of saturation vapor pressure. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 35, 601-609.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Allen KS, Harper RW, Bayer A, Brazee NJ (2017) A review of nursery production systems and their influence on urban tree survival. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 21, 183-191.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Aoki W, Ohtsuki T, Sadhu SK, Sato M, Koyano T, Preeprame S, Kowithayakorn T, Ishibashi M (2007) First isolation of three diterpenes as naturally-occurring compounds from Sindora siamensis. Journal of Natural Medicines 61, 77-79.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Atta K, Singh AP, Adhikary S, Mondal S, Dewanjee S (2022) Drought stress: manifestation and mechanisms of alleviation in plants. In ‘Drought – impacts and management’. (Eds M Eyvaz, A Albahnasawi, M Tekbaş, E Gürbulak) pp. 1–22. (IntechOpen) doi:10.5772/intechopen.102780
Bajji M, Kinet J-M, Lutts S (2002) The use of the electrolyte leakage method for assessing cell membrane stability as a water stress tolerance test in durum wheat. Plant Growth Regulation 36, 61-70.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bashir SS, Hussain A, Hussain SJ, Wani OA, Zahid Nabi S, Dar NA, Baloch FS, Mansoor S (2022) Plant drought stress tolerance: understanding its physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 35, 1912-1925.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bhusal N, Lee M, Lee H, Adhikari A, Han AR, Han A, Kim HS (2021) Evaluation of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits for assessing drought resistance in eleven tree species. Science of The Total Environment 779, 146466.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Blanco-Martínez JR, Huante P, Pisanty-Baruch I, Orozco-Segovia A, Reyes-Ortega I, Nieto-Vázquez N, García-Guzmán G, Sánchez-Coronado ME (2022) Preparing seedlings for dry spells: drought acclimation in the seedlings of two tree species of a seasonal tropical dry forest. Flora 286, 151967.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Byeon S, Kim S, Hong J, Kim TK, Huh W, Kim K, Lee M, Lee H, Kim S, Park C, Bhusal N, Han AR, Chandrasekaran U, Kim HS (2023) Drought hardening effect on improving transplant stress tolerance in Pinus densiflora. Environmental and Experimental Botany 207, 105222.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chiwapreecha B, Ngernsaengsaruay C, Kermanee P (2015) Wood characteristics of the indigenous tree, Sindora siamensis Teijsm. & Miq. in Thailand. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal 43, 749-754.
| Google Scholar |
Choo LM, Ngo KM (2020) A revision of the genus Sindora (Fabaceae, Detarioideae) in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 72, 233-254.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Chowdhury JA, Karim MA, Khaliq QA, Ahmed AU, Mondol ATMMI (2018) Effect of drought stress on water relation traits of four soybean genotypes. SAARC Journal of Agriculture 15, 163-175.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Cruz de Carvalho MH (2008) Drought stress and reactive oxygen species: production, scavenging and signaling. Plant Signaling & Behavior 3, 156-165.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Demidchik V (2015) Mechanisms of oxidative stress in plants: from classical chemistry to cell biology. Environmental and Experimental Botany 109, 212-228.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dichio B, Xiloyannis C, Sofo A, Montanaro G (2005) Osmotic regulation in leaves and roots of olive trees during a water deficit and rewatering. Tree Physiology 26, 179-185.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
ElBasyoni I, Saadalla M, Baenziger S, Bockelman H, Morsy S (2017) Cell membrane stability and association mapping for drought and heat tolerance in a worldwide wheat collection. Sustainability 9, 1606.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gupta R (2020) The oxygen-evolving complex: a super catalyst for life on earth, in response to abiotic stresses. Plant Signaling & Behavior 15, 1824721.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Gururani MA, Venkatesh J, Tran LSP (2015) Regulation of photosynthesis during abiotic stress-induced photoinhibition. Molecular Plant 8, 1304-1320.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Parvin K, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Nahar K, Hossen MS, Zulfiqar F, Alam MM, Fujita M (2020) Regulation of ROS metabolism in plants under environmental stress: a review of recent experimental evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, 8695.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Hatfield JL, Dold C (2019) Water-use efficiency: advances and challenges in a changing climate. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 103.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Heath RL, Packer L (1968) Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 125, 189-198.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Heshmati HM (2021) Impact of climate change on life. In ‘Environmental issues and sustainable development’. (Eds S Sarvajayakesavalu, P Charoensudjai) pp. 1–20. (IntechOpen) doi:10.5772/intechopen.94538
Hussain B, Ali B (2015) Leaf longevity in plants under water stress – a review. Indian Journal of Plant Sciences 4, 127-133.
| Google Scholar |
Hussain HA, Hussain S, Khaliq A, Ashraf U, Anjum SA, Men S, Wang L (2018) Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: implications, cross talk, and potential management opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 393.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Hussain S, Rao MJ, Anjum MA, Ejaz S, Zakir I, Ali MA, Ahmad N, Ahmad S (2019) Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in plants under drought conditions. In ‘Plant abiotic stress tolerance’. (Eds M Hasanuzzaman, K Hakeem, K Nahar, H Alharby) pp. 207–219. (Springer: Cham, Switzerland) doi:10.1007/978-3-030-06118-0_9
Hussain T, Hussain N, Tahir M, Raina A, Ikram S, Maqbool S, Ali MF, Duangpan S (2022) Impacts of drought stress on water use efficiency and grain productivity of rice and utilization of genotypic variability to combat climate change. Agronomy 12, 2518.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
IPCC (2022) Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. In ‘Contribution of working group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change’. (Eds H-O Pörtner, DC Roberts, M Tignor, ES Poloczanska, K Mintenbeck, A Alegría, M Craig, S Langsdorf, S Löschke, V Möller, A Okem, B Rama) pp. 3–33. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK)
Jacobs DF, Landis TD, Wilkinson KM (2014) Hardening, shipping, and outplanting. In ‘Tropical nursery manual: a guide to starting and operating a nursery for native and traditional plants’. (Eds KM Wilkinson, TD Landis, DL Haase, BF Daley, RK Dumroese) pp. 293–301. (United States Department of Agriculture)
Jin X, Shi C, Yu CY, Yamada T, Sacks EJ (2017) Determination of leaf water content by visible and near-infrared spectrometry and multivariate calibration in Miscanthus. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 721.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Kapetch P, Pakdeethai C, Sarawat V (2011) Estimation of leaf area using digital image. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal 39, 392-397.
| Google Scholar |
Karimi S, Rahemi M, Rostami AA, Sedaghat S (2018) Drought effects on growth, water content and osmoprotectants in four olive cultivars with different drought tolerance. International Journal of Fruit Science 18, 254-267.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Khan R, Ma X, Shah S, Wu X, Shaheen A, Xiao L, Wu Y, Wang S (2020) Drought-hardening improves drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. BMC Plant Biology 20, 486.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Kou X, Han W, Kang J (2022) Responses of root system architecture to water stress at multiple levels: a meta-analysis of trials under controlled conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 13, 1085409.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Lemaire C, Blackman CJ, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE, Torres-Ruiz JM, Herbette S (2021) Acclimation of hydraulic and morphological traits to water deficit delays hydraulic failure during simulated drought in poplar. Tree Physiology 41, 2008-2021.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Li Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang S (2017) Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat. The Crop Journal 5, 231-239.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ma Y, Dias MC, Freitas H (2020) Drought and salinity stress responses and microbe-induced tolerance in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 591911.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Mafakheri A, Siosemardeh A, Bahramnejad B, Struik PC, Sohrabi Y (2010) Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4, 580-585.
| Google Scholar |
Mahdieh M, Mostajeran A, Horie T, Katsuhara M (2008) Drought stress alters water relations and expression of PIP-type aquaporin genes in Nicotiana tabacum plants. Plant and Cell Physiology 49, 801-813.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Marks D (2011) Climate change and Thailand: impact and response. Contemporary Southeast Asia 33, 229-258.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Masrufa S, Rahman A, Hasanuzzaman M, Nath S, Ali MH, Anee T, Hasanuzzaman M (2016) Effect of pre-planting hardening of seedlings on growth, dry matter accumulation and tillering of inbreed and hybrid rice. Focus on Sciences 2, 1-10.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Medda S, Fadda A, Mulas M (2022) Influence of climate change on metabolism and biological characteristics in perennial woody fruit crops in the Mediterranean environment. Horticulturae 8, 273.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Mihaljević I, Viljevac Vuletić M, Tomaš V, Horvat D, Zdunić Z, Vuković D (2021) PSII photochemistry responses to drought stress in autochthonous and modern sweet cherry cultivars. Photosynthetica 59, 517-528.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Moustakas M, Sperdouli I, Moustaka J (2022) Early drought stress warning in plants: color pictures of photosystem II photochemistry. Climate 10, 179.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Muangthong S, Chaowiwat W, Sarinnapakorn K, Chaibandit K (2020) Prediction of future drought in Thailand under changing climate by using SPI and SPEI indices. Mahasarakham International Journal of Engineering Technology 6, 48-56.
| Google Scholar |
Nardini A (2021) Can trees harden up to survive global change-type droughts? Tree Physiology 41, 2004-2007.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Oguz MC, Aycan M, Oguz E, Poyraz I, Yildiz M (2022) Drought stress tolerance in plants: interplay of molecular, biochemical and physiological responses in important development stages. Physiologia 2, 180-197.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Ohashi Y, Nakayama N, Saneoka H, Fujita K (2006) Effects of drought stress on photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and stem diameter of soybean plants. Biologia plantarum 50, 138-141.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Osakabe Y, Osakabe K, Shinozaki K, Tran L-SP (2014) Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science 5, 86.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Pham HT, Miyagawa S, Kosaka Y (2015) Distribution patterns of trees in paddy field landscapes in relation to agro-ecological settings in northeast Thailand. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 202, 42-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rattanapotanan N (2019) Plant diversity and utilization of medicinal plants by traditional healers. Naresuan University Journal: Science and Technology 27, 55-64.
| Google Scholar |
Riikonen J, Luoranen J (2018) Seedling production and the field performance of seedlings. Forests 9, 740.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Salehi-Lisar SY, Bakhshayeshan-Agdam H (2016) Drought stress in plants: causes, consequences, and tolerance. In ‘Drought stress tolerance in plants. Vol. 1’. (Eds M Hossain, S Wani, S Bhattacharjee, D Burritt, LS Tran) pp. 1–16. (Springer: Cham, Switzerland) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28899-4_1
Schreiber U (2004) Pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry and saturation pulse method: an overview. In ‘Chlorophyll a fluorescence. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration’. (Eds GC Papageorgiou, G Govindjee) pp. 279–319. (Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands) doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9_11
Seleiman MF, Al-Suhaibani N, Ali N, Akmal M, Alotaibi M, Refay Y, Dindaroglu T, Abdul-Wajid HH, Battaglia ML (2021) Drought stress impacts on plants and different approaches to alleviate its adverse effects. Plants 10, 259.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Seng M, Jeong U, Cheong EJ (2023) Detection of responses to drought stress of Dalbergia cochinchinensis seedlings using the physiological parameters and thermal imaging. Forest Science and Technology 19, 105-115.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shao H-B, Chu L-Y, Jaleel CA, Zhao C-X (2008) Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. Comptes Rendus Biologies 331, 215-225.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Shazhad U (2015) Global warming: causes, effects and solutions. Durreesamin Journal 1, 1-7.
| Google Scholar |
Song X, Li J, Zhang W, Tang Y, Sun Z, Cao M (2016) Variant responses of tree seedling to seasonal drought stress along an elevational transect in tropical montane forests. Scientific Reports 6, 36438.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Subrahmanyam D, Subash N, Haris A, Sikka AK (2006) Influence of water stress on leaf photosynthetic characteristics in wheat cultivars differing in their susceptibility to drought. Photosynthetica 44, 125.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Terzi R, Sağlam A, Kutlu N, Nar H, Kadioğlu A (2009) Impact of soil drought stress on photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and antioxidant enzyme activities of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars. Turkish Journal of Botany 34, 1.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Thomas DS (2009) Survival and growth of drought hardened Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. seedlings and vegetative cuttings. New Forests 38, 245-259.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Turner NC (1981) Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58, 339-366.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Tyree MT, Engelbrecht BMJ, Vargas G, Kursar TA (2003) Desiccation tolerance of five tropical seedlings in panama. Relationship to a field assessment of drought performance. Plant Physiology 132, 1439-1447.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Villar-Salvador P, Planelles R, Oliet J, Peñuelas-Rubira JL, Jacobs DF, González M (2004) Drought tolerance and transplanting performance of holm oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings after drought hardening in the nursery. Tree Physiology 24, 1147-1155.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Wang Z, Li G, Sun H, Ma L, Guo Y, Zhao Z, Gao H, Mei L (2018) Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis and photosynthetic electron transport chain in young apple tree leaves. Biology Open 7, bio035279.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Xu W, Cui K, Xu A, Nie L, Huang J, Peng S (2015) Drought stress condition increases root to shoot ratio via alteration of carbohydrate partitioning and enzymatic activity in rice seedlings. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 37, 9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yadav S, Sharma KD (2016) Molecular and morphophysiological analysis of drought stress in plants. In ‘Plant growth’. (Ed. EC Rigobelo) pp. 149–173. (InTechOpen) doi:10.5772/65246
Yang SL, Chen K, Wang SS, Gong M (2015) Osmoregulation as a key factor in drought hardening-induced drought tolerance in Jatropha curcas. Biologia plantarum 59, 529-536.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yang X, Lu M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen S (2021) Response mechanism of plants to drought stress. Horticulturae 7, 50.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Yang F, Burzlaff T, Rennenberg H (2022) Drought hardening of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings in mixed cultivation. Forest 13, 1386.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Zhang S-H, Xu X-F, Sun Y-M, Zhang J-L, Li C-Z (2018) Influence of drought hardening on the resistance physiology of potato seedlings under drought stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 17, 336-347.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
