Effect of continuous light on antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation, proline and chlorophyll content in Vigna radiata L.
Deepak Kumar A , Hanwant Singh
A , Upma Bhatt A and Vineet Soni A *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Plant Bioenergetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
Functional Plant Biology 49(2) 145-154 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP21226
Submitted: 6 April 2021 Accepted: 31 October 2021 Published: 24 November 2021
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing
Abstract
Longer photoperiod in form of continuous light (24-h photoperiod without dark interruption) can alter the various physiological and biochemical processes of the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of continuous light on various biochemical parameters associated with the growth and development of Vigna radiata L. (mung bean). The findings showed that leaf size and chlorophyll content of seedlings grown under continuous light were significantly greater than control plants subjected to 12 h light/12 h dark (12/12 h). The activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, 30.81%), catalase (CAT, 16.86%), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD, 12.27%), malondialdehyde, (MDA, 39.31) and proline (14.81%) were notably higher in 24/0 h light period than 12/12 h light period grown seedling at an early stage (on Day 6) while they were constant at the later stage of development. Increased activity of amylase and invertase reveals higher assimilation and consumption of photosynthetic products. This study revealed that plants were stressed at first. However, they gradually became acclimated to continuous light and efficiently used the excess light in carbon assimilation.
Keywords: abiotic stress, antioxidative enzymes, chlorophyll content, continuous light, lipid peroxidation, proline content, reactive oxygen species, Vigna radiata L.
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology 105, 121–126.| Catalase in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 6727660PubMed |
Ahmad P, Jaleel CA, Salem MA, Nabi G, Sharma S (2010) Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 30, 161–175.
| Roles of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in plants during abiotic stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20214435PubMed |
Ahmad P, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Pratap Singh V, Corpas FJ (2019) Revisiting the role of ROS and RNS in plants under changing environment. Environmental and Experimental Botany 161, 1–3.
| Revisiting the role of ROS and RNS in plants under changing environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Al Murad M, Razi K, Jeong BR, Samy PMA, Muneer S (2021) Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as agricultural lighting: impact and its potential on improving physiology, flowering, and secondary metabolites of crops. Sustainability 13, 1985
| Light emitting diodes (LEDs) as agricultural lighting: impact and its potential on improving physiology, flowering, and secondary metabolites of crops.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arora S, Saradhi PP (1995) Light-induced enhancement in proline levels in Vigna radiata exposed to environmental stresses. Functional Plant Biology 22, 383–386.
| Light-induced enhancement in proline levels in Vigna radiata exposed to environmental stresses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39, 205–207.
| Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bernfeld P (1955) Amylases, α and β. Methods in Enzymology 1, 149–158.
Bradley FM, Janes HW (1985) Carbon partitioning in tomato leaves exposed to continuous light. Acta Horticulturae 174, 293–302.
| Carbon partitioning in tomato leaves exposed to continuous light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Demers DA, Gosselin A (2002) Growing greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper under supplemental lighting: Optimal photoperiod, negative effects of long photoperiod and their causes. Acta Horticulturae 580, 83–88.
| Growing greenhouse tomato and sweet pepper under supplemental lighting: Optimal photoperiod, negative effects of long photoperiod and their causes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dou H, Niu G, Gu M, Masabni JG (2018) Responses of sweet basil to different daily light integrals in photosynthesis, morphology, yield, and nutritional quality. HortScience 53, 496–503.
| Responses of sweet basil to different daily light integrals in photosynthesis, morphology, yield, and nutritional quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elkins C, van Iersel MW (2020) Longer photoperiods with the same daily light integral improve growth of Rudbeckia seedlings in a greenhouse. HortScience 55, 1–7.
| Longer photoperiods with the same daily light integral improve growth of Rudbeckia seedlings in a greenhouse.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fridovich I (1986) Superoxide dismutases. In ‘Advances in enzymology and related areas of molecular biology. Vol. 58’. (Ed. A. Meister) pp. 61–97. (Academic Press)
Garcia C, Lopez RG (2020) Supplemental radiation quality influences cucumber, tomato, and pepper transplant growth and development. HortScience 55, 804–811.
| Supplemental radiation quality influences cucumber, tomato, and pepper transplant growth and development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Globig S, Rosen I, Janes HW (1997) Continuous light effects on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in tomato. Acta Horticulturae 418, 141–152.
| Continuous light effects on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism in tomato.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Golan T, Müller-Moulé P, Niyogi KK (2006) Photoprotection mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimate to high light by increasing photosynthesis and specific antioxidants. Plant, Cell & Environment 29, 879–887.
| Photoprotection mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana acclimate to high light by increasing photosynthesis and specific antioxidants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gómez C, Mitchell CA (2015) Growth responses of tomato seedlings to different spectra of supplemental lighting. HortScience 50, 112–118.
| Growth responses of tomato seedlings to different spectra of supplemental lighting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Haque MS, Kjaer KH, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen C-O (2015) Continuous light increases growth, daily carbon gain, antioxidants, and alters carbohydrate metabolism in a cultivated and a wild tomato species. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 522
| Continuous light increases growth, daily carbon gain, antioxidants, and alters carbohydrate metabolism in a cultivated and a wild tomato species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26217371PubMed |
Hernández R, Kubota C (2014) Growth and morphological response of cucumber seedlings to supplemental red and blue photon flux ratios under varied solar daily light integrals. Scientia Horticulturae 173, 92–99.
| Growth and morphological response of cucumber seedlings to supplemental red and blue photon flux ratios under varied solar daily light integrals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Heyneke E, Luschin-Ebengreuth N, Krajcer I, Wolkinger V, Müller M, Zechmann B (2013) Dynamic compartment specific changes in glutathione and ascorbate levels in Arabidopsis plants exposed to different light intensities. BMC Plant Biology 13, 104
| Dynamic compartment specific changes in glutathione and ascorbate levels in Arabidopsis plants exposed to different light intensities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23865417PubMed |
Hou W, Chen X, Song G, Wang Q, Chi Chang C (2007) Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna minor. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45, 62–69.
| Effects of copper and cadmium on heavy metal polluted waterbody restoration by duckweed (Lemna minor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17300947PubMed |
Huber BM, Louws FJ, Hernández R (2021) Impact of different daily light integrals and carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth, morphology, and production efficiency of tomato seedlings. Frontiers in Plant Science 12, 289
| Impact of different daily light integrals and carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth, morphology, and production efficiency of tomato seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jan S, Alyemeni MN, Wijaya L, Alam P, Siddique KH, Ahmad P (2018) Interactive effect of 24-epibrassinolide and silicon alleviates cadmium stress via the modulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems and macronutrient content in Pisum sativum L. seedlings. BMC Plant Biology 18, 146
| Interactive effect of 24-epibrassinolide and silicon alleviates cadmium stress via the modulation of antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems and macronutrient content in Pisum sativum L. seedlings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30012086PubMed |
Kavi Kishor PB, Sangam S, Amrutha RN, Laxmi PS, Naidu KR, Rao KRSS, Rao S, Reddy KJ, Theriappan P, Sreenivasulu N (2005) Regulation of proline biosynthesis, degradation, uptake and transport in higher plants: its implications in plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance. Current Science 88, 424–438.
Kaya C, Okant M, Ugurlar F, Alyemeni MN, Ashraf M, Ahmad P (2019) Melatonin-mediated nitric oxide improves tolerance to cadmium toxicity by reducing oxidative stress in wheat plants. Chemosphere 225, 627–638.
| Melatonin-mediated nitric oxide improves tolerance to cadmium toxicity by reducing oxidative stress in wheat plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 30901656PubMed |
Kirschbaum MUF (2011) Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? Lessons learned from CO2 enrichment studies. Plant Physiology 155, 117–124.
| Does enhanced photosynthesis enhance growth? Lessons learned from CO2 enrichment studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kohli SK, Khanna K, Bhardwaj R, Abd_Allah EF, Ahmad P, Corpas FJ (2019) Assessment of subcellular ROS and NO metabolism in higher plants: multifunctional signaling molecules. Antioxidants 8, 641
| Assessment of subcellular ROS and NO metabolism in higher plants: multifunctional signaling molecules.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kumar D, Singh H, Raj S, Soni V (2020) Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown under artificial continuous light. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 24, 100813
| Chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grown under artificial continuous light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32984559PubMed |
Lambrides CJ, Godwin ID (2007) Mungbean. In ‘Pulses, sugar and tuber crops’. (Ed. C Kole) pp. 69–90. (Springer)
Langton FA, Adams SR, Cockshull KE (2003) Effects of photoperiod on leaf greenness of four bedding plant species. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 78, 400–404.
| Effects of photoperiod on leaf greenness of four bedding plant species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lanoue J, Zheng J, Little C, Grodzinski B, Hao X (2021) Continuous light does not compromise growth and yield in mini-cucumber greenhouse production with supplemental LED light. Plants 10, 378
| Continuous light does not compromise growth and yield in mini-cucumber greenhouse production with supplemental LED light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33671143PubMed |
Li T, Heuvelink EP, Marcelis LFM (2015) Quantifying the source–sink balance and carbohydrate content in three tomato cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 416
| Quantifying the source–sink balance and carbohydrate content in three tomato cultivars.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26097485PubMed |
Lichtenthaler HK, Ač A, Marek MV, Kalina J, Urban O (2007) Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 45, 577–588.
| Differences in pigment composition, photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll fluorescence images of sun and shade leaves of four tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17587589PubMed |
Lim PO, Kim HJ, Gil Nam H (2007) Leaf senescence. Annual Review of Plant Biology 58, 115–136.
| Leaf senescence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17177638PubMed |
Liu D, Li T-Q, Jin X-F, Yang X-E, Islam E, Mahmood Q (2008) Lead induced changes in the growth and antioxidant metabolism of the lead accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 50, 129–140.
| Lead induced changes in the growth and antioxidant metabolism of the lead accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18713434PubMed |
Liu W, Zha L, Zhang Y (2020) Growth and nutrient element content of hydroponic lettuce are modified by LED continuous lighting of different intensities and spectral qualities. Agronomy 10, 1678
| Growth and nutrient element content of hydroponic lettuce are modified by LED continuous lighting of different intensities and spectral qualities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Murage EN, Masuda M (1997) Response of pepper and eggplant to continuous light in relation to leaf chlorosis and activities of antioxidative enzymes. Scientia Horticulturae 70, 269–279.
| Response of pepper and eggplant to continuous light in relation to leaf chlorosis and activities of antioxidative enzymes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ohyama K, Manabe K, Omura Y, Kozai T, Kubota C (2005) Potential use of a 24-hour photoperiod (continuous light) with alternating air temperature for production of tomato plug transplants in a closed system. HortScience 40, 374–377.
| Potential use of a 24-hour photoperiod (continuous light) with alternating air temperature for production of tomato plug transplants in a closed system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ologundudu AF, Adelusi AA, Adekoya KP (2013) Effect of light stress on germination and growth parameters of Corchorus olitoriusCelosia argenteaAmaranthus cruentusAbelmoschus esculentus and Delonix regia. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, 468–475.
Osorio S, Ruan Y-L, Fernie AR (2014) An update on source-to-sink carbon partitioning in tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science 5, 516
| An update on source-to-sink carbon partitioning in tomato.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25339963PubMed |
Pan T, Ding J, Qin G, Wang Y, Xi L, Yang J, Li J, Zhang J, Zou Z (2019) Interaction of supplementary light and CO2 enrichment improves growth, photosynthesis, yield, and quality of tomato in autumn through spring greenhouse production. HortScience 54, 246–252.
| Interaction of supplementary light and CO2 enrichment improves growth, photosynthesis, yield, and quality of tomato in autumn through spring greenhouse production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peter E, Rothbart M, Oelze M-L, Shalygo N, Dietz K-J, Grimm B (2010) Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase deficiency and effects on tetrapyrrole metabolism in different light conditions. Plant and Cell Physiology 51, 1229–1241.
| Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase deficiency and effects on tetrapyrrole metabolism in different light conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20460500PubMed |
Sarijeva G, Knapp M, Lichtenthaler HK (2007) Differences in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, and in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in green sun and shade leaves of Ginkgo and Fagus. Journal of Plant Physiology 164, 950–955.
| Differences in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, and in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in green sun and shade leaves of Ginkgo and Fagus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17074414PubMed |
Singh H, Kumar D, Soni V (2020) Copper and mercury induced oxidative stresses and antioxidant responses of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports 23, 100781
| Copper and mercury induced oxidative stresses and antioxidant responses of Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 32715102PubMed |
Singhal RK, Kumar V, Kumar M, Bose B (2019) Responses of different light intensities and continue light during dark period on rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed germination and seedling development. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8, 2602–2609.
Soffe RW, Lenton JR, Milford GFJ (1977) Effects of photoperiod on some vegetable species. Annals of Applied Biology 85, 411–415.
| Effects of photoperiod on some vegetable species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Somogyi M (1952) Notes on sugar determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry 195, 19–23.
| Notes on sugar determination.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sysoeva MI, Markovskaya EF, Shibaeva TG (2010) Plants under continuous light: a review. Plant Stress 4, 5–17.
Tang D, Dong Y, Ren H, Li L, He C (2014) A review of phytochemistry, metabolite changes, and medicinal uses of the common food mung bean and its sprouts (Vigna radiata. Chemistry Central Journal 8, 4
| A review of phytochemistry, metabolite changes, and medicinal uses of the common food mung bean and its sprouts (Vigna radiata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24438453PubMed |
Tewolde FT, Lu N, Shiina K, Maruo T, Takagaki M, Kozai T, Yamori W (2016) Nighttime supplemental LED inter-lighting improves growth and yield of single-truss tomatoes by enhancing photosynthesis in both winter and summer. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 448
| Nighttime supplemental LED inter-lighting improves growth and yield of single-truss tomatoes by enhancing photosynthesis in both winter and summer.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27092163PubMed |
Trouwborst G, Oosterkamp J, Hogewoning SW, Harbinson J, Van Ieperen W (2010) The responses of light interception, photosynthesis and fruit yield of cucumber to LED-lighting within the canopy. Physiologia Plantarum 138, 289–300.
| The responses of light interception, photosynthesis and fruit yield of cucumber to LED-lighting within the canopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20051030PubMed |
Van den Ende W, Valluru R (2009) Sucrose, sucrosyl oligosaccharides, and oxidative stress: scavenging and salvaging? Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 9–18.
| Sucrose, sucrosyl oligosaccharides, and oxidative stress: scavenging and salvaging?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19036839PubMed |
Vassey TL (1989) Light/dark profiles of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and acid invertase in leaves of sugar beets. Plant Physiology 89, 347–351.
| Light/dark profiles of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and acid invertase in leaves of sugar beets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16666537PubMed |
Velez-Ramirez AI, van Ieperen W, Vreugdenhil D, Millenaar FF (2011) Plants under continuous light. Trends Plant Science 16, 310–318.
| Plants under continuous light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang X-s, Han J-g (2009) Changes of proline content, activity, and active isoforms of antioxidative enzymes in two alfalfa cultivars under salt stress. Agricultural Sciences in China 8, 431–440.
| Changes of proline content, activity, and active isoforms of antioxidative enzymes in two alfalfa cultivars under salt stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Weaver G, van Iersel MW (2020) Longer photoperiods with adaptive lighting control can improve growth of greenhouse-grown ‘Little Gem’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa. HortScience 55, 573–580.
| Longer photoperiods with adaptive lighting control can improve growth of greenhouse-grown ‘Little Gem’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wen Y, Zha L, Liu W (2021) Dynamic responses of ascorbate pool and metabolism in lettuce to light intensity at night time under continuous light provided by red and blue LEDs. Plants 10, 214
| Dynamic responses of ascorbate pool and metabolism in lettuce to light intensity at night time under continuous light provided by red and blue LEDs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 33498607PubMed |
Yao XC, Tu HQ, Wang XL, Wang J (2021) The effect of supplemental LED night lighting on the growth and physiology of the Para rubber tree. Journal of Rubber Research 24, 321–326.
Yasar F, Ellialtioglu S, Yildiz K (2008) Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defense systems, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll content in green bean. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 55, 782–786.
| Effect of salt stress on antioxidant defense systems, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll content in green bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zha L, Liu W, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Shao M (2019) Morphological and physiological stress responses of lettuce to different intensities of continuous light. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 1440
| Morphological and physiological stress responses of lettuce to different intensities of continuous light.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 31850002PubMed |
Zhao SHJ, Zou Y (2000) ‘Detection of chlorophyll pigment’. Man. Plant Physiol. Exp. pp. 72–75 (Chinese Agriculture Press: Beijing)
Zheng X, van Huystee RB (1992) Peroxidase-regulated elongation of segments from peanut hypocotyls. Plant Science 81, 47–56.
| Peroxidase-regulated elongation of segments from peanut hypocotyls.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
