Leaf trichomes and foliar chemistry mediate defence against glasshouse thrips; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) in Rhododendron simsii
Alison S. Scott-Brown A D , Tom Gregory B , Iain W. Farrell A and Philip C. Stevenson A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
B UCL Institute of Archaeology, 31-34 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK.
C Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
D Corresponding author. Email: a.scott-brown@kew.org
Functional Plant Biology 43(12) 1170-1182 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP16045
Submitted: 4 February 2016 Accepted: 10 August 2016 Published: 3 October 2016
Abstract
Herbivore defence mechanisms are a costly diversion of resources away from growth and reproduction. Thus time-limited and tissue specific expression in critical plant parts is more efficient as defined by optimal defence theory. Surprisingly little is known about Rhododendron herbivore defence but it may be mediated by combined chemical and physical mechanisms. Rhododendron simsii Planch. survives cyclic infestations of a leaf-feeding thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché), which severely damage mature leaves but avoid terminal young leaves suggesting specific, localised defence expression. We examined correlations between the distribution of thrips and feeding damage with density of trichomes and the concentration of the diterpenoid, grayanotoxin I, a compound implicated in but not previously reported to mediate invertebrate defence in Rhododendron. Our data show that as leaves matured the number of thrips and area of feeding damage increased as trichome density and grayanotoxin I concentration decreased, this inverse correlation suggesting trichomes and grayanotoxin I mediate defence in younger leaf tissue. Grayanotoxin I was tested against H. haemorrhoidalis and was toxic to immature life stages and repellent to the adult thrips, reducing numbers of first instars emerging on leaves when applied at ecologically relevant concentrations. This work demonstrates that the pattern of defensive traits in foliage of a species of Rhododendron is key to its ability to tolerate cyclic infestations of a generalist herbivore, effectively conserving vital tissues required for growth and reproduction.
Additional keywords: defense, grayanoid diterpene, leaf hairs, plant tolerance, secondary plant compounds.
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