Photon flux density and temperature-dependent responses of photosynthesis and photosystem II performance of apple leaves grown in field conditions
Dennis H. Greer
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia. Email: dgreer@csu.edu.au
Functional Plant Biology 42(8) 782-791 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP15068
Submitted: 19 March 2015 Accepted: 24 April 2015 Published: 28 May 2015
Abstract
The process of photosynthesis depends on the light, and is modulated by leaf temperature and their interaction is important to understand how climate affects photosynthesis. Photosynthetic and PSII light responses at a range of leaf temperatures were measured on leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Gala) trees growing in field conditions. The objective was to assess the interaction between photon flux density (PFD) and temperature on these processes. Results showed leaf temperature strongly modulated the PFD-dependent response of photosynthesis and PSII performance. An interaction on photosynthesis occurred, with temperature affecting saturated rates as well as PFDs saturating photosynthesis. The efficiency of PSII electron transport (operating and maximum in light) universally declined with increasing PFD but temperature strongly influenced the response. Rates of PSII electron transport at saturating PFDs were affected by temperatures. Both photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching also responded strongly to temperature but at high PFDs, photochemical quenching increased linearly with decreasing temperatures while non-photochemical quenching increased curvilinearly with increasing temperatures. Modelling revealed changes in photosynthesis were positively correlated with rates of electron transport. These results greatly enhance our understanding of photosynthesis and the underpinning processes and their responses to temperature and PFD.
Additional keywords: apple, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf temperature, light, modelling, photosynthesis, PSII.
References
Baker NR, Harbinson J, Kramer DM (2007) Determining the limitations and regulation of photosynthetic energy transduction in leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 30, 1107–1125.| Determining the limitations and regulation of photosynthetic energy transduction in leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVeiurrI&md5=81ed0cdaf91a7f96c9d146953951cb56CAS |
Brown RH, Morgan JA (1980) Photosynthesis of grass species differing in carbon dioxide fixation pathways: VI. Differential effects of temperature and light intensity on photorespiration in C3, C4 and intermediate species. Plant Physiology 66, 541–544.
| Photosynthesis of grass species differing in carbon dioxide fixation pathways: VI. Differential effects of temperature and light intensity on photorespiration in C3, C4 and intermediate species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXmtFyjs74%3D&md5=4f8d67dccadbfc773b141cd9da2698edCAS | 16661473PubMed |
Čajánek M, Štroch M, Lachetová I, Kalina J, Spunda V (1998) Characterization of the photosystem II inactivation of heat-stressed barley leaves as monitored by the various parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence and delayed fluorescence. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology 47, 39–45.
| Characterization of the photosystem II inactivation of heat-stressed barley leaves as monitored by the various parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence and delayed fluorescence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chastain DR, Snider JL, Collins GD, Perry CD, Whitaker J, Byrd SA (2014) Water deficit in field-grown Gossypium hirsutum primarily limits net photosynthesis by decreasing stomatal conductance, increasing photorespiration, and increasing the ratio of dark respiration to gross photosynthesis. Journal of Plant Physiology 171, 1576–1585.
| Water deficit in field-grown Gossypium hirsutum primarily limits net photosynthesis by decreasing stomatal conductance, increasing photorespiration, and increasing the ratio of dark respiration to gross photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht12mt77J&md5=4a27fa67ec0472330513cbb59a326be8CAS | 25151126PubMed |
Corcuera L, Morales F, Abadía A, Gil-Pelegrín E (2005) Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and photoprotection in a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota woodland located in its upper altitudinal extreme in the Iberian Peninsula. Tree Physiology 25, 599–608.
| Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and photoprotection in a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota woodland located in its upper altitudinal extreme in the Iberian Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktlOlsro%3D&md5=8fd636f08de68c63f458c42ea742d725CAS | 15741152PubMed |
Dobrowski SZ, Pushnik JC, Zarco-Tejada PJ, Ustin SL (2005) Simple reflectance indices track heat and water stress-induced changes in steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence at the canopy scale. Remote Sensing of Environment 97, 403–414.
| Simple reflectance indices track heat and water stress-induced changes in steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence at the canopy scale.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Edwards G, Baker N (1993) Can CO2 assimilation in maize leaves be predicted accurately from chlorophyll fluorescence analysis? Photosynthesis Research 37, 89–102.
| Can CO2 assimilation in maize leaves be predicted accurately from chlorophyll fluorescence analysis?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXms1Kgu7Y%3D&md5=5bf7af09e1a356dd64b06f39a66eaa29CAS | 24317706PubMed |
Fan PG, Li LS, Duan W, Li WD, Li SH (2010) Photosynthesis of young apple trees in response to low sink demand under different air temperatures. Tree Physiology 30, 313–325.
| Photosynthesis of young apple trees in response to low sink demand under different air temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXks1Sms7w%3D&md5=86f393b3c995948475a750cdc630d0d2CAS | 20071359PubMed |
Gardiner ES, Krauss KW (2001) Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes. Tree Physiology 21, 1103–1111.
| Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrjsV2rsQ%3D%3D&md5=dcd2f9704a2301910836baf5ba7e6eaaCAS | 11581017PubMed |
Greer DH (2015) Seasonal changes in the photosynthetic response to CO2 and temperature in apple (Malus domestica cv. ‘Red Gala’) leaves during a growing season with a high temperature event. Functional Plant Biology 42, 309–342.
Greer DH, Halligan EA (2001) Photosynthetic and fluorescence light responses for kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) leaves at different stages of development on vines grown at two different photon flux densities. Functional Plant Biology 28, 373–382.
| Photosynthetic and fluorescence light responses for kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) leaves at different stages of development on vines grown at two different photon flux densities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvVOnsLw%3D&md5=3846dc82fa39232091a520ed28bb1cceCAS |
Greer DH, Weedon MM (2012) Modelling photosynthetic responses to temperature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon) leaves on vines grown in a hot climate. Plant, Cell & Environment 35, 1050–1064.
| Modelling photosynthetic responses to temperature of grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon) leaves on vines grown in a hot climate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Greer DH, Berry JA, Bjorkman O (1986) Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in intact bean leaves – role of light and temperature, and requirement for chloroplast-protein synthesis during recover. Planta 168, 253–260.
Gucci R, Corelli Grappadelli L, Tustin DS, Ravaglia G (1995) The effects of defruiting at different stages of fruit development in leaf photosynthesis of ‘Golden delicious’ apple. Tree Physiology 15, 35–40.
| The effects of defruiting at different stages of fruit development in leaf photosynthesis of ‘Golden delicious’ apple.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14966009PubMed |
Haldimann P, Galle A, Feller U (2008) Impact of an exceptionally hot dry summer on photosynthetic traits in oak (Quercus pubescens) leaves. Tree Physiology 28, 785–795.
| Impact of an exceptionally hot dry summer on photosynthetic traits in oak (Quercus pubescens) leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmvVektbc%3D&md5=cc38d76ec79f7c0f216a8c1855f27888CAS | 18316310PubMed |
Hamerlynck E, Knapp AK (1996) Photosynthetic and stomatal responses to high temperature and light in two oaks at the western limit of their range. Tree Physiology 16, 557–565.
| Photosynthetic and stomatal responses to high temperature and light in two oaks at the western limit of their range.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14871709PubMed |
Haque MS, Kjaer KH, Rosenqvist E, Sharma DK, Ottosen C-O (2014) Heat stress and recovery of photosystem II efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated to different growth temperatures. Environmental and Experimental Botany 99, 1–8.
| Heat stress and recovery of photosystem II efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars acclimated to different growth temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXislKqu74%3D&md5=7bfc33af7d37a78e11df64ddc95ee8deCAS |
Higgins SS, Larsen FE, Bendel RB, Radamaker GK, Bassman JH, Bidlake WR, Wir AA (1992) Comparative gas exchange characteristics of potted, glasshouse-grown almond, apple, fig, grape, olive, peach and Asian pear. Scientia Horticulturae 52, 313–329.
| Comparative gas exchange characteristics of potted, glasshouse-grown almond, apple, fig, grape, olive, peach and Asian pear.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Laing WA (1985) Temperature and light response curves for photosynthesis in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) cv. Hayward. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 28, 117–124.
| Temperature and light response curves for photosynthesis in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) cv. Hayward.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lieth JH, Pasian CC (1990) A model for net photosynthesis of rose leaves as a function of photosynthetically active radiation, leaf temperature, and leaf age. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, 486–491.
Linger P, Bruggemann W (1999) Correlations between chlorophyll fluorescence quenching parameters and photosynthesis in a segregating Lycopersicon esculentum × L. peruvianum population as measured under constant conditions. Photosynthesis Research 61, 145–156.
| Correlations between chlorophyll fluorescence quenching parameters and photosynthesis in a segregating Lycopersicon esculentum × L. peruvianum population as measured under constant conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntlKis7o%3D&md5=9fbf542f7db18f5321f5681aa395a2eeCAS |
Loriaux SD, Avenson TJ, Welles JM, McDermitt DK, Eckles RD, Riensche B, Genty B (2013) Closing in on maximum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence using a single multiphase flash of sub-saturating intensity. Plant, Cell & Environment 36, 1755–1770.
| Closing in on maximum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence using a single multiphase flash of sub-saturating intensity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsVShsLbJ&md5=957a42cf4d960a9c4f6e562c5b726b2eCAS |
Man R, Lieffers VJ (1997) Seasonal photosynthetic responses to light and temperature in white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings planted under an aspen (Populus tremuloides) canopy and in the open. Tree Physiology 17, 437–444.
| Seasonal photosynthetic responses to light and temperature in white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings planted under an aspen (Populus tremuloides) canopy and in the open.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 14759835PubMed |
Mohotti AJ, Lawlor DW (2002) Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in tea: effects of irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth in the field. Journal of Experimental Botany 53, 313–322.
| Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in tea: effects of irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtlWktLY%3D&md5=5270123eb3a731685b0801b447d11eacCAS | 11807135PubMed |
Monson RK, Stidham MA, Williams GJ, Edwards GE, Uribe EG (1982) Temperature dependence of photosynthesis in Agropyron smithii Rydb.: I. Factors affecting net CO2 uptake in intact leaves and contribution from ribulose-1,5-bisphospage carboxylase measured in vivo and in vitro. Plant Physiology 69, 921–928.
| Temperature dependence of photosynthesis in Agropyron smithii Rydb.: I. Factors affecting net CO2 uptake in intact leaves and contribution from ribulose-1,5-bisphospage carboxylase measured in vivo and in vitro.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xhslyit70%3D&md5=514a4060281951af82569bfce7875467CAS | 16662320PubMed |
Murchie EH, Lawson T (2013) Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications. Journal of Experimental Botany 64, 3983–3998.
| Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhs1SmtLbJ&md5=1b458f134efcf92cd5ec7380a6d8b3acCAS | 23913954PubMed |
Niinemets U, Kull O (2001) Sensitivity of photosynthetic electron transport to photoinhibition in a temperate deciduous forest canopy: photosystem II center openness, non-radiative energy dissipation and excess irradiance under field conditions. Tree Physiology 21, 899–914.
| Sensitivity of photosynthetic electron transport to photoinhibition in a temperate deciduous forest canopy: photosystem II center openness, non-radiative energy dissipation and excess irradiance under field conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXms1OqtLs%3D&md5=96cd53d4876942a88b989d8b64f29433CAS | 11498337PubMed |
Nortes PA, Gonzalez-Real MM, Egea G, Baille A (2009) Seasonal effects of deficit irrigation on leaf photosynthetic traits of fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in almond trees. Tree Physiology 29, 375–388.
| Seasonal effects of deficit irrigation on leaf photosynthetic traits of fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in almond trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjs1Ors7Y%3D&md5=329373d0b6a133caf454e41b7308c790CAS | 19203958PubMed |
Ogaya R, Peñuelas J (2003) Comparative seasonal gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dominant woody species in a Holm oak forest. Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 198, 132–141.
| Comparative seasonal gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dominant woody species in a Holm oak forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Öquist G, Chow W (1992) On the relationship between the quantum yield of photosystem II electron transport, as determined by chloroplhyll fluorescence and the quantum yield of CO2-dependent O2 evolution. Photosynthesis Research 33, 51–62.
| On the relationship between the quantum yield of photosystem II electron transport, as determined by chloroplhyll fluorescence and the quantum yield of CO2-dependent O2 evolution.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24408447PubMed |
Osmond C (1981) Photosynthesis and photorespiration. Some implications for the energetics of photosynthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 639, 77–98.
| Photosynthesis and photorespiration. Some implications for the energetics of photosynthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XjtFGqsA%3D%3D&md5=180d2519f282a4698a36ac58939dd7e1CAS |
Osmond C, Chow W (1988) Ecology of photosynthesis in the sun and shade: summary and prognostications. Functional Plant Biology 15, 1–9.
Peterson RB (1983) Estimation of photorespiration based on the initial rate of postillumination CO2 release: II. Effects of O2, CO2, and temperature. Plant Physiology 73, 983–988.
| Estimation of photorespiration based on the initial rate of postillumination CO2 release: II. Effects of O2, CO2, and temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXkvVOrtQ%3D%3D&md5=f58472666a0b7e865c27e893636d57f3CAS | 16663356PubMed |
Pretorius JJB, Wand SJE (2003) Late-season stomatal sensitivity to microclimate is influenced by sink strength and soil moisture stress in ‘Braestar’ apple trees in South Africa. Scientia Horticulturae 98, 157–171.
| Late-season stomatal sensitivity to microclimate is influenced by sink strength and soil moisture stress in ‘Braestar’ apple trees in South Africa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rascher U, Liebig M, Lüttge U (2000) Evaluation of instant light-response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters obtained with a portable chlorophyll fluorometer on site in the field. Plant, Cell & Environment 23, 1397–1405.
| Evaluation of instant light-response curves of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters obtained with a portable chlorophyll fluorometer on site in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtlykuw%3D%3D&md5=fdf922a788caeefd350279edd34766f8CAS |
Ro H-M, Kim P-G, Lee I-B, Yiem M-S, Woo S-Y (2001) Photosyntetic characteristics and growth responses of dwarf apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) saplings after 3 years of exposure to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. Trees 15, 195–203.
| Photosyntetic characteristics and growth responses of dwarf apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) saplings after 3 years of exposure to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosF2ku7w%3D&md5=35d91fa6bef1eeb74a1cf09606d0d67eCAS |
Robakowski P (2005) Susceptibility to low-temperature photoinhibition in three conifers differing in successional status. Tree Physiology 25, 1151–1160.
| Susceptibility to low-temperature photoinhibition in three conifers differing in successional status.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 15996958PubMed |
Schultz HR (2003) Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cultivars during drought. Plant, Cell & Environment 26, 1393–1405.
| Differences in hydraulic architecture account for near-isohydric and anisohydric behaviour of two field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cultivars during drought.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun OJ, Sweet GB (1996) Genotypic variation in light and temperature response of photosynthesis in Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides and N. menziesii. Functional Plant Biology 23, 421–428.
Urban L, Le Roux X, Sinoquet H, Jaffuel S, Jannoyer M (2003) A biochemical model of photosynthesis for mango leaves: evidence for the effect of fruit on photosynthetic capacity of nearby leaves. Tree Physiology 23, 289–300.
| A biochemical model of photosynthesis for mango leaves: evidence for the effect of fruit on photosynthetic capacity of nearby leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjt1ygsrs%3D&md5=72eec8efd886023d632c067a1869fb1aCAS | 12615544PubMed |
Valentini R, Epron D, De Angelis P, Matteucci G, Dreyer E (1995) In situ estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak (Q. cerris L.) leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply. Plant, Cell & Environment 18, 631–640.
| In situ estimation of net CO2 assimilation, photosynthetic electron flow and photorespiration in Turkey oak (Q. cerris L.) leaves: diurnal cycles under different levels of water supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmvFKks70%3D&md5=d26c10fe900f461477a348e27f821e2cCAS |
van Kooten O, Snell JFH (1990) The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology. Photosynthesis Research 25, 147–150.
| The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2czkvF2qtw%3D%3D&md5=f384711ac4737cd1f0f2d7f79f699121CAS | 24420345PubMed |
Wang H, Wang F, Wang G, Majourhat K (2007) The responses of photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of nectarine (Prunus persica var. Nectarina Maxim) to greenhouse and field grown conditions. Scientia Horticulturae 112, 66–72.
| The responses of photosynthetic capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content of nectarine (Prunus persica var. Nectarina Maxim) to greenhouse and field grown conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXit12mur4%3D&md5=a6253faa99225d6c168ce6484a4e032bCAS |
Weston DJ, Bauerle WL (2007) Inhibition and acclimation of C3 photosynthesis to moderate heat: a perspective from thermally contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum (red maple). Tree Physiology 27, 1083–1092.
| Inhibition and acclimation of C3 photosynthesis to moderate heat: a perspective from thermally contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum (red maple).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpslGltLg%3D&md5=cd7398410425caaec06a0985529f4a62CAS | 17472935PubMed |
Wibbe ML, Blanke MM (1995) Effects of defruiting on source–sink relationship, carbon budget, leaf carbohydrate content and water use efficiency of apple trees. Physiologia Plantarum 94, 529–533.
| Effects of defruiting on source–sink relationship, carbon budget, leaf carbohydrate content and water use efficiency of apple trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXpt1OhtL8%3D&md5=ff44e2ecad0ebc9bbec9740d7d23f76dCAS |
Wünsche JN, Palmer JW, Greer DH (2000) Effects of crop load on fruiting and gas-exchange characteristics of ‘Braeburn’/M.26 apple trees at full canopy. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 125, 93–99.
Wünsche JN, Greer DH, Laing WA, Palmer JW (2005) Physiological and biochemical leaf and tree responses to crop load in apple. Tree Physiology 25, 1253–1263.
| Physiological and biochemical leaf and tree responses to crop load in apple.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 16076774PubMed |
Yamori W, Evans JR, Von Caemmerer S (2010) Effects of growth and measurement light intensities on temperature dependence of CO2 assimilation rate in tobacco leaves. Plant, Cell & Environment 33, 332–343.
| Effects of growth and measurement light intensities on temperature dependence of CO2 assimilation rate in tobacco leaves.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFOgurw%3D&md5=3b1fee84a6271c85927027c470f0c3bcCAS |
Yin X, Sun Z, Struik PC, Gu J (2011) Evaluating a new method to estimate the rate of leaf respiration in the light by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Journal of Experimental Botany 62, 3489–3499.
| Evaluating a new method to estimate the rate of leaf respiration in the light by analysis of combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXoslOmt7g%3D&md5=4b4ec6fff81c5bf3289202a225e7ae1aCAS | 21382918PubMed |
Zhang R, Sharkey TD (2009) Photosynthetic electron transport and proton flux under moderate heat stress. Photosynthesis Research 100, 29–43.
| Photosynthetic electron transport and proton flux under moderate heat stress.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXltVyktL4%3D&md5=251dfd7b7654ed9237888e6ea9cdf682CAS | 19343531PubMed |
Zhang W, Huang W, Yang QY, Zhang SB, Hu H (2013) Effect of growth temperature on the electron flow for photorespiration in leaves of tobacco grown in the field. Physiologia Plantarum 149, 141–150.
| Effect of growth temperature on the electron flow for photorespiration in leaves of tobacco grown in the field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhsFWrtrfJ&md5=c7b468efa7102adb1283feab8afe00d1CAS | 23480306PubMed |
