Optimum temperature for floral terpene emissions tracks the mean temperature of the flowering season
Gerard Farré-Armengol A B E , Iolanda Filella A B , Joan Llusià A B , Ülo Niinemets C D and Josep Peñuelas A B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
B CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
C Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
D Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
E Corresponding author. Email: g.farre@creaf.uab.es
Functional Plant Biology 42(9) 851-857 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP14279
Submitted: 4 October 2014 Accepted: 4 May 2015 Published: 22 June 2015
Abstract
Emissions of volatiles from leaves exhibit temperature dependence on maximums, but the optimum temperatures for the release of floral volatiles and the mechanism(s) of optimising these emissions have not been determined. We hypothesised that flowers have an optimum temperature for the emission of volatiles and, because the period of flowering varies highly among species, that this optimum is adapted to the temperatures prevailing during flowering. To test these hypotheses, we characterised the temperature responses of floral terpene emissions of diverse widespread Mediterranean plant species flowering in different seasons by using dynamic headspace sampling and analysis with GC-MS. The floral emissions of terpenes across species exhibited maximums at the temperatures corresponding to the season of flowering, with the lowest optimal temperatures observed in winter-flowering and the highest in summer-flowering species. These trends were valid for emissions of both total terpenes and the various terpene compounds. The results show that the optimum temperature of floral volatile emissions scales with temperature at flowering, and suggest that this scaling is the outcome of physiological adaptations of the biosynthetic or emission mechanisms of flowers.
Additional keywords: flower scent, interspecific variation, phenology, seasonal variability.
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