The impact of winter flooding with saline water on foliar carbon uptake and the volatile fraction of leaves and fruits of lemon (Citrus × limon) trees
Violeta Velikova A B , Tommaso La Mantia C , Marco Lauteri A , Marco Michelozzi D , Isabel Nogues A and Francesco Loreto E F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Porano, Terni 05010, Italy.
B Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
C Universita’ di Palermo – Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, Facoltà di Agraria, Palermo 90128, Italy.
D Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze 50019, Italy.
E Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze 50019, Italy.
F Corresponding author. Email: francesco.loreto@ipp.cnr.it
Functional Plant Biology 39(3) 199-213 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP11231
Submitted: 13 October 2011 Accepted: 30 December 2011 Published: 14 March 2012
Abstract
We investigated the consequences of recurrent winter flooding with saline water on a lemon (Citrus × limon (L.) Burm.f.) orchard, focussing on photosynthesis limitations and emission of secondary metabolites (isoprenoids) from leaves and fruits. Measurements were carried out immediately after flooding (December), at the end of winter (April) and after a dry summer in which plants were irrigated with optimal quality water (September). Photosynthesis was negatively affected by flooding. The effect was still visible at the end of winter, whereas the photosynthetic rate was fully recovered after summer, indicating an unexpected resilience capacity of flooded plants. Photosynthesis inhibition by flooding was not due to diffusive limitations to CO2 entry into the leaf, as indicated by measurements of stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. Biochemical and photochemical limitations seemed to play a more important role in limiting the photosynthesis of flooded plants. In young leaves, characterised by high rates of mitochondrial respiration, respiratory rates were enhanced by flooding. Flooding transiently caused large and rapid emission of several volatile isoprenoids. Emission of limonene, the most abundant compound, was stimulated in the leaves, and in young and mature fruits. Flooding changed the blend of emitted isoprenoids, but only few changes were observed in the stored isoprenoids pool.
Additional keywords: Citrus, isoprenoids, photosynthesis.
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