Free Standard AU & NZ Shipping For All Book Orders Over $80!
Register      Login
Functional Plant Biology Functional Plant Biology Society
Plant function and evolutionary biology
Shopping Cart: ( empty )
You are here: Home > Journals > FP > FP10012
RESEARCH FRONT
Contents Vol 37(7)

Hormonal regulation of source–sink relations to maintain crop productivity under salinity: a case study of root-to-shoot signalling in tomato

Francisco Pérez-Alfocea A E , Alfonso Albacete A D , Michel E. Ghanem B and Ian C. Dodd C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Campus Universitario de Espinardo 25, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.

B Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 5, Boîte 13, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

C The Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.

D Present address: Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria.

E Corresponding author. Email: alfocea@cebas.csic.es

Functional Plant Biology 37(7) 592-603 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP10012
Submitted: 16 January 2010  Accepted: 19 April 2010   Published: 2 July 2010

Abstract

Salinity decreases crop yield first by reducing growth of assimilate-consuming sink organs and, second, by decreasing assimilate production in photosynthetically active source tissues. Although much work has focussed on controlling the accumulation of toxic ions (mainly Na+ and Cl–), the search for primary growth limiting factor(s) continues. The root, by sensing environmental constraints of the soil, may influence root-to-shoot signalling to control shoot growth and physiology, and ultimately agricultural productivity. Hormonal signals, such as cytokinins, ABA, the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and the auxin indole-3-acetic acid may coordinate assimilate production and usage in competing sinks (biomass partitioning). Hormonal regulation of source–sink relations during the osmotic phase of salinity (independent of specific ions) affects whole-plant energy availability to prolong the maintenance of growth, root function and ion homeostasis, and could be critical to delay the accumulation of Na+ or any other ion to toxic levels. This viewpoint emphasises that simultaneously maintaining growth and delaying early leaf senescence is necessary to increase crop yield in salt-affected soils.

Additional keywords: biphasic model, cytokinins, invertases, ion-specific effects, osmotic tolerance, senescence.


Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to Professors M. Acosta and J. Sánchez-Bravo (University of Murcia) for their collaboration with A.A. and F.P.A. in developing methods for plant hormone analysis at CEBAS-CSIC. The authors also thank their national organisations for supporting research on source–sink relations and root-to-shoot signalling: Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FRS-FNRS (project FRFC-2456308), Belgium; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (ACC signalling), UK; the Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia (project 08712/PI/08) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (project AGL2008–01733/AGR), Spain.


References


Albacete A, Ghanem ME, Martínez-Andújar C, Acosta M, Sánchez-Bravo J, Martínez V, Lutts S, Dodd IC, Pérez-Alfocea F (2008) Hormonal changes in relation to biomass partitioning and shoot growth impairment in salinised tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 4119–4131.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Albacete A, Martínez-Andújar C, Ghanem ME, Acosta M, Sánchez-Bravo J, Asíns MJ, Cuartero J, Dodd IC, Pérez-Alfocea F (2009) Rootstock-mediated changes in xylem ionic and hormonal status are correlated with delayed leaf senescence and increased leaf area and crop productivity in salinised tomato. Plant, Cell & Environment 32, 928–938.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Albacete A, Ghanem ME, Dodd IC, Pérez-Alfocea F (2010) Principal component analysis of hormone profiling data suggests an important role for cytokinins in regulating leaf growth and senescence of salinised tomato. Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, 44–46.
| Crossref |
open url image1

Apse MP, Aharon GS, Snedden WA, Blumwald E (1999) Salt tolerance conferred by overexpression of a vacuolar Na+/H+ antiport in Arabidopsis. Science 285, 1256–1258.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Balibrea ME, Parra M, Bolarín MC, Pérez-Alfocea F (1999) Cytoplasmic sucrolytic activity controls tomato fruit growth under salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 26, 561–568.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Balibrea ME, Dell’Amico J, Bolarín MC, Pérez-Alfocea F (2000) Carbon partitioning and sucrose metabolism in tomato plants growing under salinity. Physiologia Plantarum 110, 503–511.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Balibrea ME, Cuartero J, Bolarín MC, Pérez-Alfocea F (2003) Sucrolytic activities during fruit development of Lycopersicon genotypes differing in tolerance to salinity. Physiologia Plantarum 118, 38–46.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Balibrea ME, González MC, Fatima T, Lee TK, Proels R, Tanner W, Roitsch T (2004) Extracellular invertase is an essential component of cytokinin-mediated delay of senescence. The Plant Cell 16, 1276–1287.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Belimov AA, Dodd IC, Hontzeas N, Theobald JC, Safronova VI, Davies WJ (2009) Rhizosphere bacteria containing ACC deaminase increase yield of plants grown in drying soil via both local and systemic hormone signalling. New Phytologist 181, 413–423.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Caro M, Cruz V, Cuartero J, Estañ MT, Bolarín MC (1991) Salinity tolerance of normal and cherry tomato cultivars. Plant and Soil 136, 249–255.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Chen S, Li J, Wang T, Wang S, Polle A, Huttermann A (2002) Osmotic stress and ion-specific effects xylem abscisics acid and the relevance to salinity tolerance in poplar. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 22, 224–233. open url image1

Chen G, Fu X, Lips HS, Sagi M (2003) Control of plant growth resides in the shoot, and not in the root, in reciprocal grafts of flacca and wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), in the presence and absence of salinity stress. Plant and Soil 256, 205–215.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Cowan AK, Freeman M, Björkman PO, Nicander B, Sitbon F, Tillberg E (2005) Effects of senescence-induced alteration in cytokinin metabolism on source–sink relationships and ontogenic and stress-induced transitions in tobacco. Planta 221, 801–814.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Cuartero J, Fernández-Muñoz R (1999) Tomato and salinity. Scientia Horticulturae 78, 83–125.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Cuartero J, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ (1992) Selection of donors for salt-tolerance in tomato using physiological traits. New Phytologist 121, 63–69.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Daie J (1996) Metabolic adjustments, assimilate partitioning, and alterations in source–sink relations in drought-stressed plants. In ‘Photoassimilate distribution in plants and crops. source–sink relationships’. (Eds E Zamski, AA Schaffer) pp. 407–420. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York)

Dalton FN, Maggio A, Piccinni G (1997) Effect of root temperature on plant response functions for tomato: comparison of static and dynamic salinity stress indices. Plant and Soil 192, 307–319.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Dalton FN, Maggio A, Piccinni G (2001) Assessing the effect of solar radiation on plant salt tolerance as defined by the static and dynamic indices. Plant and Soil 229, 189–195.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Davies WJ, Zhang J (1991) Root signals and the regulation of growth and development of plants in drying soil. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 42, 55–76.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Dodd IC (2003) Hormonal interactions and stomatal responses. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 22, 32–46.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Dodd IC (2005) Root-to-shoot signalling: assessing the roles of ‘up’ in the up and down world of long-distance signalling in planta. Plant and Soil 74, 257–275. open url image1

Dodd IC, Theobald JC, Richer SK, Davies WJ (2009) Partial phenotypic reversion of ABA-deficient flacca tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) scions by a wild-type rootstock: normalising shoot ethylene relations promotes leaf area but does not diminish whole plant transpiration rate. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 4029–4039.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Estañ MT, Martínez-Rodríguez MM, Pérez-Alfocea F, Flowers TJ, Bolarín MC (2005) Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany 56, 703–712.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | PubMed | open url image1

Feng JN, Barker AV (1992) Ethylene evolution and ammonium accumulation by tomato plants under water and salinity stresses II. Journal of Plant Nutrition 15, 2471–2490.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Flowers TJ (2004) Improving salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 307–319.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Foolad MR (2004) Recent advances in genetics of salt tolerance in tomato. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 76, 101–119.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Fortmeier R, Schubert S (1995) Salt tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.): the role of sodium exclusion. Plant, Cell & Environment 18, 1041–1047.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Fricke W, Akhiyarova G, Veselov D, Kudoyarova G (2004) Rapid and tissue-specific changes in ABA and in growth rate in response to salinity in barley leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 1115–1123.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Genc Y, McDonald GK, Tester M (2007) Reassessment of tissue Na+ concentration as a criterion for salinity tolerance in bread wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment 30, 1486–1498.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Ghanem ME, Albacete A, Martínez-Andújar C, Acosta M, Romero-Aranda R, Dodd IC, Lutts S, Pérez-Alfocea F (2008) Hormonal changes during salinity-induced leaf senescence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 3039–3050.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Ghanem ME, Van Elteren J, Albacete A, Quinet M, Martínez-Andújar C, Kinet J-M, Pérez-Alfocea F, Lutts S (2009) Impact of salinity on early reproductive physiology of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in relation to a heterogeneous distribution of toxic ions in flower organs. Functional Plant Biology 36, 125–136.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Gilmore AM (1997) Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplast and leaves. Physiologia Plantarum 99, 197–209.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Hare PD, Cress WA, Van Staden J (1997) The involvement of cytokinins in plant responses to environmental stress. Plant Growth Regulation 23, 79–103.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Hartig K, Beck E (2006) Crosstalk between auxin, cytokinins, and sugars in the plant cell cycle. Plant Biology 8, 389–396.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

He J, Lee SK, Dodd IC (2001) Limitations to photosynthesis of lettuce grown under tropical conditions: alleviation by root-zone cooling. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 1323–1330.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Ho LC , Grange RI , Shaw AF (1989) Source/sink regulation. In ‘Transport and photoassimilates’. (Eds DA Baker, JA Milburn) pp. 306–343. (Longman Scientific and Technical: Essex, England)

Hoagland DR, Arnon DI (1938) The water-culture method for growing plants without soil. California Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 347, 1–39.
|  CAS |
open url image1

James RA, Von Caemmerer S, Condon AG, Zwart AB, Munns R (2008) Genetic variation in tolerance to the osmotic stress component of salinity stress in durum wheat. Functional Plant Biology 35, 111–123.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Jin Y, Ni DA, Ruan YL (2009) Posttranslational elevation of cell wall invertase activity by silencing its inhibitor in tomato delays leaf senescence and increases seed weight and fruit hexose level. The Plant Cell 21, 2072–2089.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

John I, Drake R, Farrell A, Cooper W, Lee P, Horton P, Grierson D (1995) Delayed leaf senescence in ethylene-deficient ACC-oxidase antisense tomato plants – molecular and physiological analysis. The Plant Journal 7, 483–490.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Kefu Z, Munns R, King RW (1991) Abscisic-acid levels in NaCl-treated barley, cotton and saltbush. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18, 17–24.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Koch KE (1996) Carbohydrate-modulated gene expression in plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 47, 509–540.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Kudoyarova GR, Vysotskaya LB, Cherkozyanova A, Dodd IC (2007) Effect of partial rootzone drying on the concentration of zeatin-type cytokinins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) xylem sap and leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 58, 161–168.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Letham DS (1994) Cytokinins as phytohormones: sites of biosynthesis, translocation, and function of translocated cytokinin. In ‘Cytokinins: chemistry, activity and function’. (Eds DWS Mok, MC Mok) pp. 57–80. (CRC Press: Boca Raton)

Linden JC, Ehneß R, Roitsch T (1996) Ethylene regulation of apoplastic invertase expression in autotrophic cells of Chenopodium rubrum. Plant Growth Regulation 19, 219–222.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Mäkelä P, Munns R, Colmer TD, Peltonen-Sainio P (2003) Growth of tomato and an ABA-deficient mutant (sitiens) under saline conditions. Physiologia Plantarum 117, 58–63.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Malagoli PH, Britto DT, Schulze LM, Kronzucker HJ (2008) Futile Na+ cycling at the root plasma membrane in rice (Oryza sativa L.): kinetics, energetics, and relationship to salinity tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 59, 4109–4117.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Martínez-Rodríguez MM, Estañ MT, Moyano E, García-Abellán JO, Flores FB, Campos JF, Al-Azzawi MJ, Flowers TJ, Bolarín MC (2008) The effectiveness of grafting to improve salt tolerance in tomato when an ‘excluder’ genotype is used as scion. Environmental and Experimental Botany 63, 392–401.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Mayak S, Borochov A (1984) Nonosmotic inhibition by sugars of the ethylene-forming activity associated with microsomal membranes from carnation petals. Plant Physiology 76, 191–195.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR (2004) Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42, 565–572.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Montero E, Cabot C, Poschenrieder C, Barcelo J (1998) Relative importance of osmotic-stress and ion-specific effects on ABA-mediated inhibition of leaf expansion growth in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant, Cell & Environment 21, 54–62.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L (2004) Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plant survival under drought stress. Functional Plant Biology 31, 203–216.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Munns R (1993) Physiological processes limiting plant growth in saline soils: some dogmas and hypotheses. Plant, Cell & Environment 16, 15–24.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Munns R (2002) Salinity, growth and phytohormones. In ‘Salinity: environment – plants – molecules’. (Eds A Läuchli, U Lüttge) pp. 271–290. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York)

Munns R (2005) Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytologist 167, 645–663.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Munns R, Termaat A (1986) Whole-plant responses to salinity. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 13, 143–160.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Munns R, Tester M (2008) Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annual Review of Plant Biology 59, 651–681.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Munns R, James RA, Läuchli A (2006) Approaches to increasing the salt tolerance of wheat and other cereals. Journal of Experimental Botany 57, 1025–1043.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Mýtinová Z, Haisel D, Wilhelmová N (2006) Photosynthesis and protective mechanisms during ageing in transgenic tobacco leaves with over-expressed cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase and thus lowered cytokinin content. Photosynthetica 44, 599–605.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Passioura JB, Munns R (2000) Rapid environmental changes that affect leaf water status induce transient surges or pauses in leaf expansion rate. Functional Plant Biology 27, 941–948.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Paul MJ, Foyer CH (2001) Sink regulation of photosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Botany 52, 1383–1400.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Pérez-Alfocea F, Estañ MT, Caro M, Bolarín MC (1993) Response of tomato cultivars to salinity. Plant and Soil 150, 203–211.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Pérez-Alfocea F, Balibrea ME, Santa Cruz A, Estañ MT (1996) Agronomical and physiological characterization of salinity tolerance in a commercial tomato hybrid. Plant and Soil 180, 251–257.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Qadir M, Oster JD, Schubert S, Noble AD, Sahrawat KL (2007) Phytoremediation of sodic and saline-sodic soils. Advances in Agronomy 96, 197–247.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Rahnama A, Poustini K, Munns R, James RA (2010) Stomatal conductance as a screen for osmotic stress tolerance in durum wheat growing in saline soil. Functional Plant Biology 37, 255–263.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | open url image1

Rajendran K, Tester M, Roy SJ (2009) Quantifying the three main components of salinity tolerance in cereals. Plant, Cell & Environment 32, 237–249.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Rivero RM, Shulaev V, Blumwald E (2009) Cytokinin-dependent photorespiration and the protection of photosynthesis during water deficit. Plant Physiology 150, 1530–1540.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Roitsch T, Ehneß R (2000) Regulation of source/sink relations by cytokinins. Plant Growth Regulation 32, 359–367.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Roitsch T, González MC (2004) Function and regulation of plant invertases: sweet sensations. Trends in Plant Science 9, 606–613.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Roitsch T, Balibrea ME, Hofmann M, Proels R, Sinha AK (2003) Extracellular invertase: key metabolic enzyme and PR protein. Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 513–524.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Sachs T (2005) Auxin’s role as an example of the mechanisms of shoot/root relations. Plant and Soil 268, 13–19.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Schubert S, Neubert A, Schierholt A, Sümer A, Zörb C (2009) Development of salt-resistant maize hybrids: the combination of physiological strategies using conventional breeding methods. Plant Science 177, 196–202.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Shabala S (2009) Salinity and programmed cell death: unravelling mechanisms for ion specific signaling. Journal of Experimental Botany 60, 709–712.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Slabu C, Zorb C, Steffens D, Schubert S (2009) Is salt stress of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by Na+ or Cl– toxicity? Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 172, 644–651.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Stitt M (1991) Rising CO2 levels and their potential significance for carbon flow in photosynthetic cells. Plant, Cell & Environment 14, 741–762.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Tanji KK (2002) Salinity in the soil environment. In ‘Salinity: environment – plant – molecules’. (Eds. A Laüchli, U Lüttge) pp. 21–52. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York)

Tester M, Davenport RJ (2003) Na+ transport and Na+ tolerance in higher plants. Annals of Botany 91, 503–527.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

van der Werf A, Nagel OW (1996) Carbon allocation to shoots and roots in relation to nitrogen supply is mediated by cytokinins and sucrose: opinion. Plant and Soil 185, 21–32.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Villalta I, Reina-Sanchez A, Bolarín MC, Cuartero J, Belver A, Venema K, Carbonell EA, Asins MJ (2008) Genetic analysis of Na+ and K+ concentrations in leaf and stem as physiological components of salt tolerance in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116, 869–880.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | PubMed | open url image1

Walker MA, Dumbroff EB (1981) Effect of salt stress on abscisic acid and cytokinin levels in tomato. Zeitschrift fur Planzenphysiologia 101, 461–470.
|  CAS |
open url image1

Wolf O, Jeschke WD, Hartung W (1990) Long-distance transport of abscisic-acid in NaCl-treated intact plants of Lupinus albus. Journal of Experimental Botany 41, 593–600.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1

Yeo AR (2007) Salinity. In ‘Plant solute transport’. (Eds AR Yeo, TJ Flowers) pp. 340–365. (Blackwell Publishing Ltd: Oxford)

Yeo AR, Lee KS, Izard P, Boursier PJ, Flowers TJ (1991) Short- and long-term effects of salinity on leaf growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 42, 881–889.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | CAS | open url image1