Evolutionary advantages of secreted peptide signalling molecules in plants
Janet I. Wheeler A and Helen R. Irving A BA Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: helen.irving@pharm.monash.edu.au
This paper is part of an ongoing series: ‘The Evolution of Plant Functions’.
Functional Plant Biology 37(5) 382-394 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09242
Submitted: 2 October 2009 Accepted: 2 February 2010 Published: 30 April 2010
Abstract
Peptide signalling molecules create diverse modular signals in animal systems, but it is only relatively recently that an expanding array of peptide signalling groups has been identified in plants. Representatives occur in moss although most are in angiosperms (both monocot and dicot) including many agronomically important crops. Some groups show high diversity within a species, whereas other peptide signalling groups are small or represented by a single peptide or only found in a single family of plants. Plant peptide signals regulate meristem organogenesis and growth, modulate plant homeostasis and growth, and recognise damage or imminent danger from pathogen attack. The peptide signalling molecules are secreted into the apoplast where they are often further proteolytically processed before acting on receptors in nearby or adjacent cells with all the hallmarks of paracrine molecules. Where the receptors have been identified, they are receptor-like kinases that form oligomers upon peptide binding and relay messages via phosphorylation cascades. The use of nitrogen rich amino acids in the signalling peptides was analysed and nitrogen scores were obtained that are higher than the mean nitrogen score for the overall average of the Arabidopsis proteome. These findings are discussed in terms of nutritional availability and energy use.
Additional keywords: Clavata3 (CLV3), CLE peptides, C-terminally encoded peptide 1 (CEP1), Embryo Surrounding Region (ESR), Epidermal Patterning Factor (EPF), Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission (IDA), leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), PEP1 peptide, phytosulfokine (PSK), plant natriuretic peptide (PNP), Rapid Alkalisation Factor (RALF), S-locus cysteine rich (SCR) proteins, Tapetum Determinant1 (TPD1).
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Drs CA Gehring and DR Smyth for helpful and insightful discussions, and MA Wakeham for comments on the manuscript. Support from the Australian Research Council’s Discovery funding scheme (project numbers DP0557561 and DP0878194) is gratefully acknowledged.
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