Evans Review: Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

John S. Boyer

doi:10.1071/FP09048

REVIEW

Previous Next Contents Vol 36(5)

Evans Review: Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

John S. Boyer

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

College of Marine and Earth Studies and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE 19958, USA. Email: boyer@udel.edu

Functional Plant Biology 36(5) 383-394 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP09048
Submitted: 27 February 2009 Accepted: 24 March 2009 Published: 6 May 2009

Abstract

Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

Additional keywords: calcium, Chara corallina, gel, growth, irreversible deformation, pectate, pectin, tension, turgor pressure.

Acknowledgement

I thank Professor Lincoln Taiz for so generously sharing his unpublished experiments with pressurised pectate solutions in the lumen of isolated walls of Nitella. Special thanks are also due to Dr John Passioura and Professor Stephen Fry for many thoughtful discussions, and Professor JKE Ortega for helpful comments on the manuscript.

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