Natural variation in rice starch synthase IIa affects enzyme and starch properties
Takayuki Umemoto A H , Noriaki Aoki A , Hongxuan Lin B C , Yasunori Nakamura D , Naoyoshi Inouchi E , Youichiro Sato F , Masahiro Yano B , Hideyuki Hirabayashi A and Sachio Maruyama A GA National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan.
B National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan.
C Current address; Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, The Chinese Academy of Science, National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.
D Akita Prefectural University and CREST, Akita, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
E Fukuyama University, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan.
F Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-0878, Japan.
G Current address; University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
H Corresponding author; email: ume@affrc.go.jp
Functional Plant Biology 31(7) 671-684 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP04009
Submitted: 13 January 2004 Accepted: 30 March 2004 Published: 22 July 2004
Abstract
The natural variation in starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) was characterised using near-isogenic lines (NILs). SSIIa is a candidate for the alk gene regulating the alkali disintegration of rice grains, since both genes are genetically mapped at the same position on chromosome 6 and related to starch properties. In this study, we report that the alkali-susceptible cultivar Nipponbare lacked SSIIa activity in endosperm. However, the activity was detected with NILs having the alk allele of alkali-tolerant Kasalath. SSIIa protein was present even in Nipponbare endosperm, but it was not associated with starch granules at the milky stage of endosperm. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicting amino acid substitutions existed between the cDNA sequences of SSIIa of Nipponbare and Kasalath were genotyped with 65 rice cultivars and four wild relatives of cultivated rice. The results obtained explain the potential importance of two of the amino acid residues for starch association of rice SSIIa. An analysis of the chain-length distribution of β-limit dextrin of amylopectin showed that without SSIIa activity, the relative number of A-chains (the short chains without branches) increased and that of B1-chains (the short chains with branches) decreased. This suggests that, given the SSIIa defect, short A-chains could not reach a sufficient length for branching enzymes to act on them to produce B1-chains.
Keywords: alk, alkali disintegration, amylopectin, rice, starch synthase.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr Yanfeng Ding and Kazuyuki Okamoto for their gifts of rice seeds, Yuko Hosaka for cDNA sequencing, and Yoshinori Utsumi for DSC measurement. We also thank Hiroaki Yamanouchi for his helpful discussions, and Dr Kiyoaki Maruyama for his encouragement during this work. This work was supported mainly by funds from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Japan.
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