4D representation of deep ocean controlled source electromagnetic data

Abstract

Deep ocean controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) methods in oil and gas exploration have undergone rapid development in recent years. The CSEM transmitter generates coupled vector fields at low frequencies (less than 0.1 Hz) for a large number of transmitter receiver offsets on or close to the Ocean floor. Representation of the distribution and propagation of the transient electromagnetic fields within and below the ocean is of considerably importance to those people engaged in both pure research and the practical applications of electromagnetic methods.