
%0 Journal Article
%A Chapman, S. 
%A Watson, J.E.M. 
%A McAlpine, C.A. 
%T Large seasonal and diurnal anthropogenic heat flux across four Australian cities
%J Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science
%D 2016/09/01
%V 66
%N 3
%P 342-360
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/ES16022
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/ES16022 
%X Anthropogenic heat release is a key component of the urban heat island. However, it is often excluded from studies of the urban heat island because reliable estimates are not available. This omission is important because anthropogenic heat can contribute up to 4&#xba;C to the urban heat island, and increases heat stress to urban residents. The exclusion of anthropogenic heat means the urban heat island effect on temperatures may be under-estimated. Here we estimate anthropogenic heat for four Australian capital cities (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide) to inform the management of the urban heat island in a changing climate. Anthropogenic heat release was calculated using 2011 population census data and an inventory of hourly traffic volume, building electricity and gas use. Melbourne had the highest annual daily average anthropogenic heat emissions, which reached 376 W/m2in the city centre during the daytime, while Brisbane&#x2019;s emissions were 261 W/m2 and Sydney&#x2019;s were 256W/m2. Adelaide had the lowest emissions, with a daily average of 39 W/m2 in the city centre. Emissions varied within and among the four cities and decreased rapidly with distance from the city centre, to 
