Monitoring CO2 drainage and imbibition in a heterogeneous sandstone using both seismic velocity and electrical resistivity measurements
Jongwook Kim 1 3 Myung Jin Nam 2 4 Toshifumi Matsuoka 11 Laboratory of Environment and Resource System Engineering, Department of Urban Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyodai-Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan.
2 Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea.
3 Present address: Raw Materials Department Project, POSCO, Seoul 135-777, Korea.
4 Corresponding author. Email: nmj1203@gmail.com
Exploration Geophysics 47(1) 24-31 https://doi.org/10.1071/EG15002
Submitted: 9 January 2015 Accepted: 9 January 2015 Published: 24 February 2015
Abstract
In a laboratory fluid-injection experiment, seismic velocity and electrical resistivity were measured simultaneously to monitor injected carbon dioxide (CO2) during CO2 drainage and imbibition within a heterogeneous, clay-containing Tako sandstone sample. In the CO2 drainage process, supercritical CO2 (10 MPa at 40°C) was injected under a condition similar to that of an in situ reservoir. After the CO2 drainage process, water was injected into the CO2-injected sandstone for the CO2 imbibition stage. Employing strategies based on Gassmann fluid-substitution and Archie’s equation, P-wave velocities and electrical resistivities were interpreted to evaluate CO2 saturation (SCO2). Estimated values of SCO2 during the CO2 drainage process were compared with those of volume-derived SCO2, which were obtained by evaluating the volumes of injected and drained fluid. When Tako sandstone SCO2 is < 0.1, SCO2 estimation from P-wave velocity based on the Gassmann-Brie equation (with e = 12) is more precise than resistivity index (RI)-based Archie’s equation estimations from electrical resistivity. For further analysis, a modified RI equation was also employed to estimate SCO2, and the results were compared with those of the original RI-based Archie strategy.
Key words: carbon dioxide (CO2), CO2 drainage, CO2 imbibition, monitoring, P-wave velocity, resistivity, Tako sandstone.
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