Transition metal element doping to optimize the photochromic properties of WO3
Xuhui Jin A and Aihua Yao
A *
A
Abstract
This research prepared a photochromic material of WO3 doped with Mo or Cu through a solvothermal method. The material exhibits selective absorption of UV light in the 200–350-nm range. The crystal structure of WO3 remained unchanged after doping, but the bandgap was reduced, thereby increasing its coloration rate. The doping of Mo or Cu brought different new features to WO3: Mo-doping imparted a purple hue upon UV irradiation, whereas Cu-doping accelerated the bleaching of WO3 due to its multi-valent state. WO3-0.1Mo and WO3-0.1Cu were preferentially selected through a practical photochromic process and bandgap calculations, and further used to prepare photochromic ink. This ink is suitable for the preparation of writing and photochromic rewriting paper and retains good photochromic properties even after 50 uses.
Keywords: nanomaterial, photochromic, photochromic ink, rewriting paper, solvothermal method, transition metal element doping, tungsten oxide, UV irradiation.
References
1 He T, Yao JN. Photochromism in composite and hybrid materials based on transition-metal oxides and polyoxometalates. Prog Mater Sci 2006; 51: 810-879.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
2 Zhu Y, Yao Y, Chen Z, et al. WO3 quantum dot photochromical film. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2022; 239: 111664.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
3 Yang J, Tang C, Sun H, et al. Tough, transparent, and anti-freezing nanocomposite organohydrogels with photochromic properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13: 31180-31192.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
4 Deonikar VG, Kim H. Energy exchange potentials and superior reversibility of modulated tungsten oxide hydrate photochromic thin films and nano inks with the assistance of LSPR and non-LSPR agents. Mater Today Chem 2022; 26: 101080.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
5 Zhang GF, Chen GP, Yang FC, et al. Bionic smart recycled paper endowed with amphiphobic, photochromic, and UV rewritable properties. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2: 4813-4821.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
6 Zhang MY, Miao JY, Liu HF, et al. Two-component polymers embedded with tungsten oxide nanoparticles toward broadband and nonvolatile photomemory. J Mater Chem C 2022; 10: 7690-7698.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
7 Bao B, Fan J, Wang ZH, et al. Sodium deca-tungstate/polyacrylic acid self-assembled flexible wearable photochromic composite fabric for solar UV detector. Compos B Eng 2020; 202: 108464.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
8 Bao B, Fan J, Wang W, et al. Novel linen/polyethyleneimine/sodium decadecanate photochromic fabric prepared by layer-by-layer self assembly method. Cellulose 2020; 27: 6591-6602.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
9 Zhao JM, Zhang Y, Liu F, et al. Sunlight-responsive titania-hydrated tungsten oxide heteronanoparticles/paper-based color-switching film for solar ultraviolet radiation monitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 5: 4009-4017.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
10 Ejeromedoghene O, Hu YP, Oderinde O, et al. Transparent and photochromic poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate-acrylamide)/WO3 hydrogel with antibacterial properties against bacterial keratitis in contact lens. J Appl Polym Sci 2022; 139: 51815.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
11 Popov AL, Han BY, Ermakov AM, et al. PVP-stabilized tungsten oxide nanoparticles: pH sensitive anti-cancer platform with high cytotoxicity. Mater Sci Eng C 2020; 108: 110494.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
12 Wei J, Jiao XL, Wang T, et al. Fast, simultaneous metal reduction/deposition on electrospun a-WO3/PAN nanofiber membranes and their potential applications for water purification and noble metal recovery. J Mater Chem A 2018; 6: 14577-14586.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
13 Li D, Wei J, Dong S, et al. Novel PVP/HTA hybrids for multifunctional rewritable paper. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10: 1701-1706.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
14 Elsayed EM, Elnouby MS, Gouda MH, et al. Effect of the morphology of tungsten oxide embedded in sodium alginate/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite beads on the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye solution. Materials 2020; 13: 1905.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
15 Wang SF, Fan WR, Liu ZC, et al. Advances on tungsten oxide based photochromic materials: strategies to improve their photochromic properties. J Mater Chem C 2018; 6: 191-212.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
16 Kayani ABA, Kuriakose S, Monshipouri M, et al. UV photochromism in transition metal oxides and hybrid materials. Small 2021; 17: 2100621.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
17 Wang SL, Kershaw SV, Li GS, et al. The self-assembly synthesis of tungsten oxide quantum dots with enhanced optical properties. J Mater Chem C 2015; 3: 3280-3285.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
18 Liu QQ, Hu CF, Wang XM. Hydrothermal synthesis of oxygen-deficiency tungsten oxide quantum dots with excellent photochromic reversibility. Appl Surf Sci 2019; 480: 404-409.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
19 Huo NJ, Yang SY, Wei ZM, et al. Synthesis of WO3 nanostructures and their ultraviolet photoresponse properties. J Mater Chem C 2013; 1: 3999-4007.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
20 Wei J, Jiao XL, Wang T, et al. Electrospun photochromic hybrid membranes for flexible rewritable media. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8: 29713-29720.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
21 Hui B, Wu DX, Huang QT, et al. Photoresponsive and wetting performances of sheet-like nanostructures of tungsten trioxide thin films grown on wood surfaces. RSC Adv 2015; 5: 73566-73574.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
22 Li WJ, Da PM, Zhang YY, et al. WO3 nanoflakes for enhanced photoelectrochemical conversion. ACS Nano 2014; 8(11): 11770-11777.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
23 Wei J, Jiao XL, Wang T, et al. The fast and reversible intrinsic photochromic response of hydrated tungsten oxide nanosheets. J Mater Chem C 2015; 3: 7597-7603.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
24 Adachi K, Tokushige M, Omata K, et al. Kinetics of coloration in photochromic tungsten(VI) oxide/silicon oxycarbide/silica hybrid xerogel: insight into cation self-diffusion mechanisms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8(22): 14019-14028.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
25 Krüger LU, Cholant CM, Rodrigues MP, et al. Photochromism of doped and undoped WO3 sol-gel films: determination and analysis of optical constants. Opt Mater 2022; 128: 112357.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
26 He T, Ma Y, Cao YA, et al. Improved photochromism of WO3 thin films by addition of Au nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2002; 4: 1637-1639.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
27 Fu SC, Sun SY, Zhang XT, et al. Environment-dependent photochromism of silver nanoparticles interfaced with metal-oxide films. Appl Surf Sci 2015; 357: 2048-2054.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
28 Li R, Zhou YJ, Shao ZW, et al. Enhanced coloration/bleaching photochromic performance of WO3 based on PVP/PU composite matrix. ChemistrySelect 2019; 4(33): 9871-9821.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
29 Evdokimova OL, Kusova TV, Ivanova OS, et al. Highly reversible photochromism in composite WO3/nanocellulose films. Cellulose 2019; 26: 9095-9105.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
30 Yamazaki S, Isoyama K, Shimizu D. Visualization of ultraviolet irradiation using WO3-cellulose derivatives composite film. Opt Mater 2020; 106: 109929.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
31 Cui BB, Guo CP, Fu GD, et al. Photochromic performance of hydrogel based on deep eutectic solvent induced water soluble Cu-doped WO3 hybrids with antibacterial property. J Photoch Photobio A 2023; 435: 114320.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
32 Dong X, Tian QY, Lu YR, et al. Controllable crystallization engineering on amorphous tungsten oxide nanoparticles for highly efficient photochromic response. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2022; 245: 111892.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
33 Chithambararaj A, Nandigana P, Kumar MK, et al. Enhanced electrochromism from non-stoichiometric electrodeposited tungsten oxide thin films. Appl Surf Sci 2020; 582: 152424.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
34 Dong X, Lu YR, Liu XH, et al. Nanostructured tungsten oxide as photochromic material for smart devices, energy conversion, and environmental remediation. J Photochem Photobiol C 2022; 53: 100555.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
35 Ejeromedoghene O, Zuo X, Ogungbesan SO, et al. Template synthesis and characterization of photochromic tungsten trioxide nanofibers. J Mater Sci-Mater Electron 2022; 33: 7371-7379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
36 Biesinger MC. Advanced analysis of copper X-ray photoelectron spectra. Surf Interface Anal 2017; 49: 1325-1334.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
