Active Site Elucidation in Heterogeneous Catalysis via In Situ X-Ray Spectroscopies

Adam F. Lee

doi:10.1071/CH11455

RESEARCH FRONT (Open Access)

Previous Next Contents Vol 65(6)

Active Site Elucidation in Heterogeneous Catalysis via In Situ X-Ray Spectroscopies

Adam F. Lee

+ Author Affiliations

- Author Affiliations

Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff, UK.
Email: leeaf@cardiff.ac.uk

Australian Journal of Chemistry 65(6) 615-623 https://doi.org/10.1071/CH11455
Submitted: 2 December 2011 Accepted: 11 January 2012 Published: 9 February 2012

Abstract

Nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts will play a key role in the development of robust artificial photosynthetic systems for water photooxidation and CO₂ photoreduction. Identifying the active site responsible for driving these chemical transformations remains a significant barrier to the design of tailored catalysts, optimized for high activity, selectivity, and lifetime. This highlight reveals how select recent breakthroughs in the application of in situ surface and bulk X-ray spectroscopies are helping to identify the active catalytic sites in a range of liquid and gas phase chemistry.

References

[1] M. Aresta, A. Dibenedetto, Dalton Trans. 2007, 2975.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsV2isLw%3D&md5=f3fa7eaedf5d45418b12e3fa3a2fd3f7CAS |

[2] http://www.rsc.org/images/sustainable-global-society-full-report_tcm18-200081.pdf.

[3] http://www.sriconsulting.com/WP/Public/Reports/propylene/.

[4] T. Ren, M. Patel, K. Blok, Energy 2006, 31, 425.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFOmsLjJ&md5=30f8c9af94aa1ba23519236171cde313CAS |

[5] Y. Xing, W. Xie, W. Fang, Y. Guo, R. Lin, Energy Fuels 2009, 23, 4021.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosVWmt7s%3D&md5=d932763f9bcf5747c5f25bebcf43c8b2CAS |

[6] S. C. Roy, O. K. Varghese, M. Paulose, C. A. Grimes, ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1259.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1Gmtrg%3D&md5=58c783ba69f3aa7b217cbc016e00c0f0CAS |

[7] V. L. Kuznetsov, P. P. Edwards, ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 44.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtVGnu7Y%3D&md5=4664ba158beb1651b94f093ef58f2500CAS |

[8] A. J. Morris, G. J. Meyer, E. Fujita, Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1983.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVGntr3F&md5=53839fe8adaf6c01fa9c0c764850559fCAS |

[9] S. Linic, P. Christopher, D. B. Ingram, Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 911.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsFWqtb%2FO&md5=1ed74e57657948db6b0a8ce77ada7d5fCAS |

[10] C. Wang, R. L. Thompson, J. Baltrus, C. Matranga, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2009, 1, 48.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[11] H. Davy, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1817, 107, 77.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[12] G. Ertl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 3524.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmt1Gitr0%3D&md5=b2ee9b3ce9b344499cd0c3997d8a1e69CAS |

[13] Y.-S. Hu, Y.-G. Guo, W. Sigle, S. Hore, P. Balaya, J. Maier, Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 713.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XovFylurs%3D&md5=50145a29ba71727497e6d2e42cdb9771CAS |

[14] D. Y. Xia, D. Li, Z. Y. Ku, Y. Luo, S. R. J. Brueck, Langmuir 2007, 23, 5377.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjvFyitrY%3D&md5=2e9d7692a06234f6cac697f84a9bfd48CAS |

[15] D. Verboekend, J. Perez-Ramirez, Catalysis Science & Technology 2011, 1, 879.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1SlsbbM&md5=f52dc3407c1ecab9858fd3b8a28be848CAS |

[16] T. Wakihara, A. Ihara, S. Inagaki, J. Tatami, K. Sato, K. Komeya, T. Meguro, Y. Kubota, A. Nakahira, Cryst. Growth Des. 2011, 11, 5153.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlSlurfF&md5=f27d9b784b3d3bfe7752313287dcad86CAS |

[17] Y. Wan, D. Zhao, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2821.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmslWgtbs%3D&md5=5328fe10008c3277e024ad1c28210071CAS |

[18] S. E. Habas, H. Lee, V. Radmilovic, G. A. Somorjai, P. Yang, Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 692.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvFGqu7c%3D&md5=7445bd9adf5e42a95032266161e87c5eCAS |

[19] W. Fan, M. A. Snyder, S. Kumar, P. S. Lee, W. C. Yoo, A. V. McCormick, R. L. Penn, A. Stein, M. Tsapatsis, Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 984.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVWmu7nF&md5=e9ed3dbd5c3d7857adbd27a1eba46e3aCAS |

[20] J. P. Dacquin, J. Dhainaut, D. Duprez, S. Royer, A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 12896.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVWnur3N&md5=8270067649690b45987d090bbe08f810CAS |

[21] V. Polshettiwar, R. S. Varma, Green Chem. 2010, 12, 743.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlvVGhsr4%3D&md5=b47f570aa9a3604238edf89541f8ed11CAS |

[22] J. Dhainaut, J. P. Dacquin, A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, Green Chem. 2010, 12, 296.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsleqsbs%3D&md5=b6caaf2b1114ceb4ba84928ac2cd9cb7CAS |

[23] C.-J. Jia, F. Schuth, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 2457.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVWjtr4%3D&md5=f7c39bf997a2ff9e93d950a59b1dd31dCAS |

[24] F. Tao, M. Salmeron, Science 2011, 331, 171.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjslSjuw%3D%3D&md5=eb83bbc91a69a44937748f9a7f9f19bbCAS |

[25] F. Cirak, J. E. Cisternas, A. M. Cuitino, G. Ertl, P. Holmes, I. G. Kevrekidis, M. Ortiz, H. H. Rotermund, M. Schunack, J. Wolff, Science 2003, 300, 1932.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXks1Kmu74%3D&md5=aad708e24272c691cbc668ce6a91246eCAS |

[26] M. A. Newton, C. Belver-Coldeira, A. Martinez-Arias, M. Fernandez-Garcia, Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 528.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnt1egsb4%3D&md5=f25079f85bccac55f6e975cb817bd614CAS |

[27] A. F. Lee, S. F. J. Hackett, J. S. J. Hargreaves, K. Wilson, Green Chem. 2006, 8, 549.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xltlars7s%3D&md5=5673e74af04a60d6dac54df8793ad99bCAS |

[28] D. Teschner, J. Borsodi, A. Wootsch, Z. Revay, M. Havecker, A. Knop-Gericke, S. D. Jackson, R. Schlogl, Science 2008, 320, 86.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktVKhtrY%3D&md5=a76557b82a8d18b631b68d4ba65f5de2CAS |

[29] A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, R. L. Middleton, A. Baraldi, A. Goldoni, G. Paolucci, R. M. Lambert, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 7969.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXltFSrsLc%3D&md5=0c6c62e4ba2e09c11cc93bc1271a6e17CAS |

[30] A. F. Lee, D. E. Gawthrope, N. J. Hart, K. Wilson, Surf. Sci. 2004, 548, 200.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpslOrtbs%3D&md5=49eb3585ede471b2bb850ba2fab87f11CAS |

[31] A. F. Lee, Z. Chang, P. Ellis, S. F. J. Hackett, K. Wilson, J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 18844.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlOntbnK&md5=de2b6041f75ce4e6fc8fe795a60c029dCAS |

[32] F. J. Williams, D. P. C. Bird, A. Palermo, A. K. Santra, R. M. Lambert, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 8509.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvFyiurg%3D&md5=85b037f3756607273f9cea779cea7405CAS |

[33] R. L. Cropley, F. J. Williams, A. J. Urquhart, O. P. H. Vaughan, M. S. Tikhov, R. M. Lambert, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6069.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivV2ntrw%3D&md5=e6c7e9f255072fc1b6054cc914b941adCAS |

[34] V. K. Kanuru, G. Kyriakou, S. K. Beaumont, A. C. Papageorgiou, D. J. Watson, R. M. Lambert, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8081.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtlCrtbc%3D&md5=d5688e6425c9c7fa9f70ff1fc334b4bdCAS |

[35] A. F. Lee, P. J. Ellis, I. J. S. Fairlamb, K. Wilson, Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 10473.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlGmsrfK&md5=cc11262751c5a2e30a10984572dbdda1CAS |

[36] A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 907.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XlvFWjtA%3D%3D&md5=ce9542d3e7b79891eee4e4ad69097f7fCAS |

[37] A. F. Lee, Z. P. Chang, S. F. J. Hackett, A. D. Newman, K. Wilson, J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 10455.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmslWgu7k%3D&md5=fa70448204cc82f4f8d4e338bc824d80CAS |

[38] A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2003, 21, 563.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsVCrsrs%3D&md5=47c3a723d4518230dbb6fe6f293614e5CAS |

[39] T. Fuhrmann, M. Kinne, B. Tränkenschuh, C. Papp, J. F. Zhu, R. Denecke, H. P. Steinrück, New J. Phys. 2005, 7, 107.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[40] C. Papp, B Tränkenschuh, R Streber, T Fuhrmann, R Denecke, H. P. Steinrück, J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 2177.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltlaltA%3D%3D&md5=0e54516daba4451c53f6f61fdbaf9641CAS |

[41] R. Larciprete, A. Goldoni, A Groŝo, S Lizzit, G Paolucci, Surf. Sci. 2001, 482–485, 134.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[42] D. F. Ogletree, H. Bluhm, G. Lebedev, C. S. Fadley, Z. Hussain, M. Salmeron, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2002, 73, 3872.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xot1Whs7g%3D&md5=8f7a96da5da0f9b9d4242478a208fa69CAS |

[43] M. Salmeron, R Schlögl, Surf. Sci. Rep. 2008, 63, 169.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksFKmtrk%3D&md5=016e9de6159585be309dfb81c847c95aCAS |

[44] H. Bluhm, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2010, 177, 71.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksFSgu7c%3D&md5=4ed6a5d7af0ee6a12c4814767dbb85a7CAS |

[45] A. F. Lee, V. Prabhakaran, K. Wilson, Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 3827.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmsFSkurk%3D&md5=9c7a27377cd57282b0472a3b0177b9b4CAS |

[46] F. Tao, M. E. Grass, Y. Zhang, D. R. Butcher, J. R. Renzas, Z. Liu, J. Y. Chung, B. S. Mun, M. Salmeron, G. A. Somorjai, Science 2008, 322, 932.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlaltL%2FK&md5=7613620fee6f2e30f1ac2f1493ce91d9CAS |

[47] T. Herranz, X. Y. Deng, A. Cabot, Z. Liu, M. Salmeron, J. Catal. 2011, 283, 119.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12jsLfF&md5=7adb0d75bf0c913c0bdf806e0560dd7fCAS |

[48] H. Tada, T. Mitsui, T. Kiyonaga, T. Akita, K. Tanaka, Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 782.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVWqsLvP&md5=7f81053824eeb906e7ca470a995bf64dCAS |

[49] V. Subramanian, E. E. Wolf, P. V. Kamat, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4943.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXisVCqsLY%3D&md5=c7ffb5a93116d998a0ee357f7489ca32CAS |

[50] W. B. Hou, W. H. Hung, P. Pavaskar, A. Goeppert, M. Aykol, S. B. Cronin, ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 929.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXosFyqsLY%3D&md5=f7c992e5061eaf9e43122f85186d27c4CAS |

[51] A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, Green Chem. 2004, 6, 37.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[52] D. Ferri, C. Mondelli, F. Krumeich, A. Baiker, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 22982.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFCltLvK&md5=591e02f394cecbc3a3d9c80d68bc4b79CAS |

[53] A. F. Lee, C. V. Ellis, J. N. Naughton, M. A. Newton, C. M. A. Parlett, K. Wilson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 5724.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjvVSitLs%3D&md5=c38818f62613c5469386ff6210840517CAS |

[54] B. Bridier, J. Perez-Ramirez, A. Knop-Gericke, R. Schlogl, D. Teschner, Chem. Sci. 2011, 2, 1379.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXnsVyhs7k%3D&md5=5e4e5b6d25521dd8d3bdba3681e56129CAS |

[55] A. F. Lee, in 221st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, 2001, San Diego, COLL 187 (American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C.).

[56] G. D. Moggridge, T. Rayment, R. M. Ormerod, M. A. Morris, R. M. Lambert, Nature 1992, 358, 658.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltlymtLs%3D&md5=252156b39de52a53043c6016124447bbCAS |

[57] S. L. M. Schroeder, G. D. Moggridge, T. Rayment, R. M. Lambert, J. Mol. Catal. Chem. 1997, 119, 357.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXislSjsrc%3D&md5=c5316f9b1ac49cf59cbacac3aa9a94cfCAS |

[58] M. Havecker, A. Knop-Gericke, H. Bluhm, E. Kleimenov, R. W. Mayer, M. Fait, R. Schlogl, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2004, 230, 272.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkt1Cqtb0%3D&md5=925a7c92ab8083e55fff58a3ebabcef1CAS |

[59] M. A. Newton, A. J. Dent, J. Evans, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2002, 31, 83.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvFyjtrg%3D&md5=bb4727d00ba13db34587d3c27c07cd68CAS |

[60] J. Evans, A. Puig-Molina, M. Tromp, MRS Bull. 2007, 32, 1038.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosVOhtQ%3D%3D&md5=c77cb2ac3c91d7854ac5d3a5aacbefa0CAS |

[61] S. R. Bare, T. Ressler, in Advances in Catalysis 2009, Volume 52, p. 339 (Eds B. C. Gates, H. Knozinger) (Elsevier Academic Press Inc.: San Diego, CA).

[62] J. Singh, C. Lamberti, J. A. van Bokhoven, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4754.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVejsL%2FK&md5=bd0d31c3b82d1c9e24e8f92bc2dad069CAS |

[63] A. M. Beale, S. D. M. Jacques, B. M. Weckhuysen, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4656.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVejsLzL&md5=ccdc27de9f2d2802fdfd5d46c0b3208aCAS |

[64] L. X. Chen, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 2005, 56, 221.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXps1Grsbs%3D&md5=f4fe3760c82ec7b33c98cb8d601cb777CAS |

[65] X. Zhang, G. Smolentsev, J. Guo, K. Attenkofer, C. Kurtz, G. Jennings, J. V. Lockard, A. B. Stickrath, L. X. Chen, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2011, 2, 628.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXis1aku7Y%3D&md5=a5321c9a6f6d431db15382225bb9a66aCAS |

[66] L. X. Chen, W. J. H. Jäger, G Jennings, D. J. Gosztola, A. Munkholm, J. P. Hessler, Science 2001, 292, 262.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivVyhtLs%3D&md5=3b7d38c738cc16d266a04cdc1a868a03CAS |

[67] J. D. Grunwaldt, M. Caravati, A. Baiker, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 9916.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktVSksb8%3D&md5=ff80ab542c7d0d2bafb1a0871c29ecf3CAS |

[68] T. Mallat, A. Baiker, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 3037.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXis1Cjtb8%3D&md5=df00272a72086a743578cc0b31e58e50CAS |

[69] S. E. J. Hackett, R. M. Brydson, M. H. Gass, I. Harvey, A. D. Newman, K. Wilson, A. F. Lee, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 8593.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtl2rsrnF&md5=d7236088117eae95542c27753448a46eCAS |

[70] C. M. A. Parlett, D. W. Bruce, N. S. Hondow, A. F. Lee, K. Wilson, ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 636.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXlvVSlur0%3D&md5=c885b01ddcf4d1db32d2090212c00bd0CAS |

[71] P. J. Ellis, I. J. S. Fairlamb, S. F. J. Hackett, K. Wilson, A. F. Lee, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1820.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXivFantbc%3D&md5=74c5767505f1aab2bb46ea230590df51CAS |

[72] T. V. Nguyen, J. C. S. Wu, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2008, 92, 864.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXms1Wqtr8%3D&md5=4acc8b9c4843143063d1777913a29350CAS |

[73] A. Nishimura, N. Komatsu, G. Mitsui, M. Hirota, E. Hu, Catal. Today 2009, 148, 341.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVCqs7fN&md5=29a6a90924b94ef1f029c16fd381a5e7CAS |

[74] P. Y. Liou, S. C. Chen, J. C. S. Wu, D. Liu, S. Mackintosh, M. Maroto-Valer, R. Linforth, Energy & Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 1487.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXms1Wiu7w%3D&md5=2a4e9c139cbb1570c952c3dbf93775ffCAS |

[75] E. de Smit, I. Swart, J. F. Creemer, G. H. Hoveling, M. K. Gilles, T. Tyliszczak, P. J. Kooyman, H. W. Zandbergen, C. Morin, B. M. Weckhuysen, F. M. F. de Groot, Nature 2008, 456, 222.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlKmtL7I&md5=e423463497ec07e8e0ba77075d07c6e1CAS |

[76] M. Tada, N. Ishiguro, T. Uruga, H. Tanida, Y. Terada, S.-i. Nagamatsu, Y. Iwasawa, S.-i. Ohkoshi, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 14910.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVSrtbnN&md5=7f5802badbaf84bf18f3364204a1deaaCAS |

[77] J.-D. Grunwaldt, B. Kimmerle, A. Baiker, P. Boye, C. G. Schroer, P. Glatzel, C. N. Borca, F. Beckmann, Catal. Today 2009, 145, 267.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptV2muro%3D&md5=4862d75f7806cb57b48a4e5b6121cfa6CAS |

[78] J.-D. Grunwaldt, S. Hannemann, C. G. Schroer, A. Baiker, J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 8674.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xjt1Wlt7w%3D&md5=7e63bb6cf0b84e6da95b7596f5448d0aCAS |

[79] B. Kimmerle, J.-D. Grunwaldt, A. Baiker, P. Glatzel, P. Boye, S. Stephan, C. G. Schroer, J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 3037.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFyrurk%3D&md5=ca05cd8245fe839ee3c82d72d0b5a621CAS |

[80] S. D. M. Jacques, O. Leynaud, D. Strusevich, P. Stukas, P. Barnes, G. Sankar, M. Sheehy, M. G. O’Brien, A. Iglesias-Juez, A. M. Beale, Catal. Today 2009, 145, 204.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptV2mtbg%3D&md5=2cf55db8fab86c19dde75145f9e874b1CAS |

[81] U. Bentrup, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4718.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVejs7fE&md5=5acffbfdd8e1209f534b81fdc2db1031CAS |

[82] M. Makosch, C. Kartusch, J. Sa, R. B. Duarte, J. A. van Bokhoven, K. Kvashnina, P. Glatzel, D. L. A. Fernandes, M. Nachtegaal, E. Kleymenov, J. Szlachetko, B. Neuhold, K. Hungerbuhler, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012,
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

[83] M. A. Newton, W. van Beek, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 4845.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVejs7fM&md5=1374f6b8e0f1fbb6eb5b5f3594865c13CAS |

[84] J.-D. Grunwaldt, N van Vegten, A Baiker, W van Beek, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2009, 190, 012160.

[85] A. M. Beale, A. M. J. van der Eerden, K. Kervinen, M. A. Newton, B. M. Weckhuysen, Chem. Commun. 2005, 3015.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlt12mtLY%3D&md5=813973c0d1ff285172dee29f8bf88195CAS |

[86] M. A. Newton, A. J. Dent, S. G. Fiddy, B. Jyoti, J. Evans, Catal. Today 2007, 126, 64.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXosVSjsLw%3D&md5=b9c2ba8329fb851867a5cca857e840c0CAS |

[87] M. Newton, Top. Catal. 2009, 52, 1410.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXoslGmsbY%3D&md5=60a31b62c0235d210ac93e1ee9bbb3a0CAS |

[88] M. A. Newton, B. Jyoti, A. J. Dent, S. Diaz-Moreno, S. G. Fiddy, J. Evans, ChemPhysChem 2004, 5, 1056.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtFGqu7k%3D&md5=f74023ddfcc44e983b0dd295248c1cddCAS |

[89] P. Glatzel, J. Singh, K. O. Kvashnina, J. A. van Bokhoven, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2555.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVGisLo%3D&md5=06acd0f54f0a72742f8adbfdbd4c9635CAS |

[90] O. K. Varghese, M. Paulose, T. J. LaTempa, C. A. Grimes, Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 731.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtV2ltLk%3D&md5=0a18fa04d8dc6298f63c0763498b02a8CAS |

[91] J. Singh, M. Nachtegaal, E. M. C. Alayon, J. Stötzel, J. A. van Bokhoven, ChemCatChem 2010, 2, 653.
| Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXnsFyktr4%3D&md5=7b05bda17169a93070b9b5c30a40b017CAS |

[92] E. Kleymenov, J. Sa, J. Abu-Dahrieh, D. Rooney, J. A. van Bokhoven, E. Troussard, J. Szlachetko, O. V. Safonova, M. Nachtegaal, Catal. Sci. Technol. 2012, 2, 373.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XosleltA%3D%3D&md5=0f1805f661e36e40113d1fbe9910a0f4CAS |