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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 26(3)

Why Do Low-Mass Stars Become Red Giants?

Richard J. Stancliffe A C , Alessandro Chieffi A B , John C. Lattanzio A and Ross P. Church A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Centre for Stellar and Planetary Astrophysics, Monash University, PO Box 28M, Victoria 3800, Australia

B INAF–Istituto di Astrofisica, Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, Rome, Italy

C Corresponding author. Email: richard.stancliffe@sci.monash.edu.au

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 26(3) 203-208 https://doi.org/10.1071/AS08060
Submitted: 8 December 2008  Accepted: 23 January 2009   Published: 4 September 2009

Abstract

We revisit the problem of why stars become red giants. We modify the physics of a standard stellar evolution code in order to determine what does and what does not contribute to a star becoming a red giant. In particular, we have run tests to try to separate the effects of changes in the mean molecular weight and in the energy generation. The implications for why stars become red giants are discussed. We find that while a change in the mean molecular weight is necessary (but not sufficient) for a 1-M⊙ star to become a red giant, this is not the case in a star of 5 M⊙. It therefore seems that there may be more than one way to make a giant.

Keywords: stars: evolution


Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully thank the referee, Noam Soker, for his stimulating comments which have both improved this manuscript and provided fodder for a forthcoming follow-up investigation. R.J.S. and R.P.C. are funded by the Australian Research Council’s Discovery Projects scheme under grants DP0879472 and DP0663447 respectively.


References


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Eggleton, P. P., Faulkner, J., &  Cannon, R. C. 1998, MNRAS, 298, 831
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TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
25
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Frost, C., &  Lattanzio, J. C. 1992, PASA, 10, 125
An error has occurred in (ref id="R4"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
ID ??
LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
2
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
3
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
4
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
5
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
6
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
7
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 12
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
8
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 11
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
9
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
10
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 3230
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
11
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3217
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
12
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3216
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
13
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 2978
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
14
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
15
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 99
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
16
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
17
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
18
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 10
RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
19
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 30
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
20
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 241
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
21
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 327
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
22
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 39
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
23
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_CFPAGE
LINE 634
RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
24
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 16
RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
25
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Höppner, W., &  Weigert, A. 1973, A&A, 25, 99
An error has occurred in (ref id="R5"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
ID ??
LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
2
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
3
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
4
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
5
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
6
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
7
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 12
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
8
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 11
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
9
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
10
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 3230
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
11
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3217
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
12
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3216
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
13
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 2978
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
14
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
15
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 99
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
16
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
17
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
18
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 10
RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
19
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 30
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
20
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 241
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
21
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 327
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
22
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 39
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
23
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_CFPAGE
LINE 634
RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
24
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 16
RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
25
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Iben, I. J. 1993, ApJ, 415, 767
An error has occurred in (ref id="R6"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
ID ??
LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
2
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
3
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
4
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
5
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
6
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
7
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 12
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
8
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 11
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
10
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 3230
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
11
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3217
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
12
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3216
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
13
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 2978
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
14
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
15
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 99
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
16
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
17
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
18
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 10
RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
19
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CFINCLUDE
LINE 30
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
20
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 241
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
21
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 327
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
22
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 39
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
23
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_CFPAGE
LINE 634
RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
24
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 16
RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
25
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Pols, O. R., Tout, C. A., Eggleton, P. P., &  Han, Z. 1995, MNRAS, 274, 964
An error has occurred in (ref id="R7"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
ID ??
LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
2
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
3
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LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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struct
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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struct
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LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 12
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 11
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
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LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
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LINE 10
RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
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RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Renzini, A., Greggio, L., Ritossa, C., &  Ferrario, L. 1992, ApJ, 400, 280
An error has occurred in (ref id="R8"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
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LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 12
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 11
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
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RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_ARTICLE
LINE 3216
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 2978
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 99
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 30
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 327
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 39
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 634
RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Stancliffe, R. J. 2006, MNRAS, 370, 1817
An error has occurred in (ref id="R9"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
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LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor42(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:12)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor43(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:11)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor150(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3230)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1._factor151(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3217)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_ARTICLE
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RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcREFERENCESDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:3216)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 2978
RAW_TRACE at cfArticle2ecfc1291681887$funcBACKSECTIONSFORABSTRACTONLYDTD1.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc:2978)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\modules\journal\Article.cfc
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 118
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor2(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:118)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor4(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:99)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447._factor6(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_GENARTICLECONTENT
LINE 1
RAW_TRACE at cfgenArticleContent2ecfm782833447.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm:1)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\generator\genArticleContent.cfm
TYPE CFML
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RAW_TRACE at cfStaticPageLayout2ecfm1426351739.runPage(G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm:10)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\layout\StaticPageLayout.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 30
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcRENDERLAYOUT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:30)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 241
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLECONTENT.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:241)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
21
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ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 327
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENARTICLE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:327)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_UDFMETHOD
LINE 39
RAW_TRACE at cfCacheController2ecfc639388092$funcGENCACHE.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc:39)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\controller\CacheController.cfc
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_CFPAGE
LINE 634
RAW_TRACE at cfPublishingApp2ecfc536529069$funcPROCESSREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc:634)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\PublishingApp.cfc
TYPE CFML
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LINE 16
RAW_TRACE at cfBootstrap2ecfc660975501$funcHANDLEREQUEST.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc:16)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\Bootstrap.cfc
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_TEMPLATEPROXY
LINE 18
RAW_TRACE at cfApplication2ecfc757760907$funcONREQUESTSTART.runFunction(G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc:18)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\webroot\Application.cfc
TYPE CFML


Sugimoto, D., &  Fujimoto, M. Y. 2000, ApJ, 538, 837
An error has occurred in (ref id="R10"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
1
struct
COLUMN 0
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LINE 243
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor10(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:243)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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LINE 180
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor12(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:180)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 177
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor13(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:177)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 176
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor14(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:176)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
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COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 170
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor40(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:170)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
TYPE CFML
6
struct
COLUMN 0
ID CF_INCLUDEJOURNALREF_B
LINE 15
RAW_TRACE at cfincludeJournalRef_B2ecfm1510229986._factor41(G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm:15)
TEMPLATE G:\www\publishha\app\views\journal\includeJournalRef_B.cfm
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Weiss, A. 1983, A&A, 127, 411
An error has occurred in (ref id="R11"). Variable LPAGE is undefined. [empty string]
array
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1 Of course, we are labouring under the assumption that such a solution does indeed exist.

2 It would also be desirable to force the code to use the radiative temperature gradient, essentially removing convection completely from the core. Attempts to do this proved unsuccessful as the models failed to converge.

3 That is, one that also uses only CNO burning, has no convective mixing and which burns hydrogen to normal helium in the same way that our standard 1-M⊙ model did. This is not a normal 5-M⊙ model!

4 The assumption may be correct: it may appear that there is more than one way to make a giant simply because we are ignorant of the factors that cause it.