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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 23(4)

The ATCA Seeing Monitor

Enno Middelberg A B , Robert J. Sault A and Michael J. Kesteven A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Australia Telescope National Facility, P.O. Box 76, Epping NSW 1710, Australia

B Corresponding author. E-mail: enno.middelberg@csiro.au

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 23(4) 147-153 https://doi.org/10.1071/AS06019
Submitted: 14 July 2006  Accepted: 29 September 2006   Published: 19 February 2007

Abstract

We present the design of, and a first analysis of data from, the atmospheric seeing monitor at the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). The seeing monitor has been operational almost continuously since 2004 May and every 10 min delivers a measurement of the atmospheric phase stability at the observatory. Its measurements can be used by observers to help in deciding whether it is worth carrying out observations at millimetre wavelengths or whether a longer-wavelength backup project should be observed. We present a statistical analysis of the data recorded since 2004 September to characterize the annual variations in atmospheric path length fluctuations. Our analysis shows that in terms of phase stability, nights in spring, summer, and autumn are as good as, or better than, days in winter. We also find that the data imply that the turbulence in the lower few hundred metres of the atmosphere is predominantly responsible for the atmospheric seeing.

Keywords: methods: atmospheric effects


References


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Masson, C. R. 1994, In ASP Conf. Ser. 59: IAU Colloq. 140: Astronomy with Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Interferometry, ed. M. Ishiguro & J. Welch, 87

Radford, S. J. E., Reiland, G., &  Shillue, B. 1996, PASP, 108, 441
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Thompson, A. R., Moran, J. M., & Swenson, G. W. 2001, Interferometry and synthesis in radio astronomy 2nd ed., New York, Wiley-Interscience









Appendix A: Decorrelation of Interferometer Measurements due to Atmospheric Seeing

The expectation value for visibility measurements of a two-element interferometer, Vm, is related to the true visibilities, V, by

E3

(Thompson et al. 2001, eqn 13.81), where σφ denotes Gaussian-distributed random phase fluctuations. Random phase errors of 30° therefore lead to a degradation in observed visibility amplitude to 87% of the true value. Phase errors arising from water vapour scale linearly with frequency, and hence to convert seeing monitor readings into a phase rms one can write

E4

where λ is the wavelength observed, and L is the rms of the path length fluctuations. Decorrelation is also a function of the projected baseline length, d, and the structure of the atmospheric turbulence. For short baselines, the tropospheric water vapour fluctuations can be described as three-dimensional Kolomogorov turbulence, where the amplitude of the turbulence scales with the size of the turbulence cells as β/2 = 5/6, such that

E5

where the 230 m is the baseline length of the seeing monitor. Letting V = 1 and solving for L as a function of Vm, gives

E6