
%0 Journal Article
%A Dodds, KA 
%A Penrose, LJ 
%A Bower, CC 
%A Nicol, H 
%T The importance of pest and disease damage as a cause of commercial downgrading of apple fruit
%J Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
%D 1994/05/01
%V 34
%N 3
%P 431-434
%K 
%R https://doi.org/10.1071/EA9940431
%U https://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/EA9940431 
%X A 2-year study of downgrading and wastage in apples was part of a pest and disease control project in the Batlow district of New South Wales. Records were kept of specific reasons for rejection.One-third of the annual harvest was downgraded to grade 2, juice, or wastage. The main cause was physical damage (around 20%), especially due to bruising and injuries. Disease damage generally caused rejection of <1% of fruit, while insects generally damaged <5%. Other physical damage such as limb rub, sunburn, hail damage, russetting, and bitter pit accounted for most of the remaining downgrading. 
