
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Boren, LJ 
A1  - Gemmell, NJ 
A1  - Barton, KJ 
T1  - Tourist Disturbance On New Zealand Fur Seals (Arctophalus Forsteri)
JF  - Australian Mammalogy
JO  - Aust. Mammalogy
Y1  - 2002
VL  - 24
IS  - 1
SP  - 85
EP  - 96
KW  - 
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1071/AM02085 
N2  - Marine mammals are significant tourist attractions around New Zealand, however, the impact of eco-tourism on these species is poorly documented. Effective management to mitigate any negative effects requires an understanding of target species’ reactions to tourist activities. We have studied the effects of tourist activities on New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) using a novel combination of observations and controlled approaches. Three study areas were selected reflecting a range of visitor density, type of tourism, and the anticipated sensitivity of fur seals to disturbance. Behaviour was observed using instantaneous scan sampling and attributes of tourist approaches were tested experimentally by controlled approaches. Approaches were made on land, by kayak, and motorboat. Fur seal responses and the distance at which the seal responded were recorded. Our results indicate that A. forsteri behaviour was being modified by tourist activities. Habituation was occurring at study areas with high levels of tourist activity. Approachers following current minimum approach distances still caused some animals to modify their behaviour and new minimum approach distances are recommended based on controlled approaches to seals at all study areas. Our work demonstrated that controlled approaches can be a useful tool to develop effective management guidelines to lessen impacts from eco-tourism activities. 
ER  -

