Application of the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas in cardiovascular disease research: a scoping review identifying implications for research
Hannah Beks
A , Sandra M. Walsh B , Sarah Wood A , Suzanne Clayden A C , Laura Alston A D , Neil T. Coffee A and Vincent L. Versace A *
A
B
C
D
Abstract
To scope how the Australian Bureau of Statistics Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) has been applied to measure socio-economic status (SES) in peer-reviewed cardiovascular disease (CVD) research.
The Joanna Briggs Institute’s scoping review methodology was used.
The search retrieved 2788 unique citations, and 49 studies were included. Studies were heterogeneous in their approach to analysis using SEIFA. Not all studies provided information as to what version was used and how SEIFA was applied in analysis. Spatial unit of analysis varied between studies, with participant postcode most frequently applied. Study quality varied.
The use of SEIFA in Australian CVD peer-reviewed research is widespread, with variations in the application of SEIFA to measure SES as an exposure. There is a need to improve the reporting of how SEIFA is applied in the methods sections of research papers for greater transparency and to ensure accurate interpretation of CVD research.
Keywords: Australia, Australian Bureau of Statistics, cardiovascular disease, health policy, SEIFA, social determinants of health, socio-economic factor, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, scoping review.
References
1 Dugravot A, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J, Bouillon K, Rayana TB, Schnitzler A, et al. Social inequalities in multimorbidity, frailty, disability, and transitions to mortality: a 24-year follow-up of the Whitehall II cohort study. Lancet Public Health 2020; 5(1): e42-50.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
2 Lago S, Cantarero D, Rivera B, Pascual M, Blázquez-Fernández C, Casal B, et al. Socioeconomic status, health inequalities and non-communicable diseases: a systematic review. J Public Health 2018; 26(1): 1-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
3 World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) [cited 4 July 2023].
4 World Heart Federation. World Heart Report 2023: Confronting the World’s Number One Killer. Geneva: World Heart Federation; 2023. Available at https://world-heart-federation.org/wp-content/uploads/World-Heart-Report-2023.pdf [cited 10 September 2023].
5 Schultz WM, Kelli HM, Lisko JC, Varghese T, Shen J, Sandesara P, et al. Socioeconomic Status and Cardiovascular Outcomes. Circulation 2018; 137(20): 2166-78.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
6 Backholer K, Peters SAE, Bots SH, Peeters A, Huxley RR, Woodward M. Sex differences in the relationship between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71(6): 550-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
7 Bagheri N, Gilmour B, McRae I, Konings P, Dawda P, Del Fante P, et al. Community cardiovascular disease risk from cross-sectional general practice clinical data: a spatial analysis. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12: 140379.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
8 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Indicators of socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2019. Available at https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/social-determinants/indicators-socioeconomic-inequalities/summary [cited 4 July 2023].
9 Ritte RE, Lawton P, Hughes JT, Barzi F, Brown A, Mills P, et al. Chronic kidney disease and socio-economic status: a cross sectional study. Ethn Health 2020; 25(1): 93-109.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
10 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Health across socioeconomic groups. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2022. Available at https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-across-socioeconomic-groups [cited 10 September 2023].
11 Beks H, Wood SM, Clark RA, Vincent VL. Spatial methods for measuring access to health care. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2023; 22: 832-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
12 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA): Technical Paper. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/detailed-methodology-information/concepts-sources-methods/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-technical-paper/2021 [cited 15 September 2023].
13 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia. 2023. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-australia/latest-release [cited 4 July 2023].
14 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) Edition 3. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2021. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026 [cited 7 August 2023].
15 McCracken K. Into a SEIFA SES cul-de-sac? Aust N Z J Public Health 2001; 25(4): 305-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
16 Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis; 2020. Available at https://jbi-global-wiki.refined.site/space/MANUAL/4687342/Chapter+11%3A+Scoping+reviews [cited 11 July 2023].
17 Kyoon-Achan G, Lavoie J, Avery Kinew K, Phillips-Beck W, Ibrahim N, Sinclair S, et al. Innovating for Transformation in First Nations Health Using Community-Based Participatory Research. Qual Health Res 2018; 28(7): 1036-49.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
18 Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth 2020; 18(10): 2119-26.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
19 World Health Organization. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Available at https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases [cited 2 February 2023].
20 Wood SM, Alston L, Beks H, McNamara K, Coffee NT, Clark RA, et al. The application of spatial measures to analyse health service accessibility in Australia: a systematic review and recommendations for future practice. BMC Health Serv Res 2023; 23(1): 330.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
21 Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021; 372: n71.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
22 Adair T, Lopez AD. An egalitarian society? Widening inequalities in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases in Australia, 2006–16. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50(3): 783-96.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
23 Astley CM, Chew DP, Keech W, Nicholls S, Beltrame J, Horsfall M, et al. The Impact of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs on 12-Month Clinical Outcomes: A Linked Data Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29(3): 475-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
24 Atkins ER, Geelhoed EA, Nedkoff L, Briffa TG. Disparities in equity and access for hospitalised atherothrombotic disease. Aust Health Rev 2013; 37(4): 488-94.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
25 Baker J, White N, Mengersen K, Rolfe M, Morgan GG. Joint modelling of potentially avoidable hospitalisation for five diseases accounting for spatiotemporal effects: A case study in New South Wales, Australia. PLoS One 2017; 12(8): e0183653.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
26 Biswas S, Andrianopoulos N, Duffy SJ, Lefkovits J, Brennan A, Walton A, et al. Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2019; 12(1): e004979.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
27 Busija L, Tao LW, Liew D, Weir L, Yan B, Silver G, et al. Do patients who take part in stroke research differ from non-participants? Implications for generalizability of results. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 35(5): 483-91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
28 Carter HE, Schofield D, Shrestha R. Productivity costs of cardiovascular disease mortality across disease types and socioeconomic groups. Open Heart 2019; 6(1): e000939.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
29 Cheng J, Bambrick H, Tong S, Su H, Xu Z, Hu W. Winter temperature and myocardial infarction in Brisbane, Australia: Spatial and temporal analyses. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715: 136860.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
30 Chew DP, MacIsaac AI, Lefkovits J, Harper RW, Slawomirski L, Braddock D, et al. Variation in coronary angiography rates in Australia: correlations with socio-demographic, health service and disease burden indices. Med J Aust 2016; 205(3): 114-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
31 Close GR, Newton PJ, Fung SC, Denniss AR, Halcomb EJ, Kovoor P, et al. Socioeconomic status and heart failure in Sydney. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23(4): 320-4.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
32 Dawson LP, Andrew E, Nehme Z, Bloom J, Biswas S, Cox S, et al. Association of Socioeconomic Status With Outcomes and Care Quality in Patients Presenting With Undifferentiated Chest Pain in the Setting of Universal Health Care Coverage. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11(7): e024923.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
33 Gutman SJ, Costello BT, Papapostolou S, Iles L, Ja J, Hare JL, et al. Impact of sex, socio-economic status, and remoteness on therapy and survival in heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2019; 6(5): 944-52.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
34 Hanigan IC, Cochrane T, Davey R. Impact of scale of aggregation on associations of cardiovascular hospitalization and socio-economic disadvantage. PLoS ONE 2017; 12(11): e0188161.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
35 Hastings K, Marquina C, Morton J, Abushanab D, Berkovic D, Talic S, et al. Projected New-Onset Cardiovascular Disease by Socioeconomic Group in Australia. Pharmacoeconomics 2022; 40(4): 449-60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
36 Huynh Q, Venn AJ, Marwick TH. Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Days at Home After Hospital Discharge of Patients with Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 2018; 122(4): 616-24.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
37 Hyun K, Redfern J, Woodward M, D’Souza M, Shetty P, Chew D, et al. Socioeconomic Equity in the Receipt of In-Hospital Care and Outcomes in Australian Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: The CONCORDANCE Registry. Heart Lung Circ 2018; 27(12): 1398-405.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
38 Jacobs J, Peterson KL, Allender S, Alston LV, Nichols M. Regional variation in cardiovascular mortality in Australia 2009-2012: the impact of remoteness and socioeconomic status. Aust N Z J Public Health 2018; 42(5): 467-73.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
39 Jahan H, Bernardo C, Gonzalez-Chica D, Benson J, Stocks N. General practice management of depression among patients with coronary heart disease in Australia. BMC Prim Care 2022; 23(1): 329.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
40 Justo ER, Reeves BM, Ware RS, Johnson JC, Karl TR, Alphonso ND, et al. Comparison of outcomes in Australian indigenous and non-indigenous children and adolescents undergoing cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young 2017; 27(9): 1694-700.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
41 Kang K, Chau KWT, Howell E, Anderson M, Smith S, Davis TJ, et al. The temporospatial epidemiology of rheumatic heart disease in Far North Queensland, tropical Australia 1997-2017; impact of socioeconomic status on disease burden, severity and access to care. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15(1): e0008990.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
42 Kawai A, Hui S, Beare R, Srikanth VK, Sundararajan V, Ma H, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of regional TIA trends. Front Neurol 2022; 13: 983512.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
43 Korda RJ, Soga K, Joshy G, Calabria B, Attia J, Wong D, et al. Socioeconomic variation in incidence of primary and secondary major cardiovascular disease events: an Australian population-based prospective cohort study. Int J Equity Health 2016; 15(1): 189.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
44 Mariajoseph FP, Huang H, Lai LT. Influence of socioeconomic status on the incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage and clinical recovery. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 95: 70-4.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
45 Mather T, Banks E, Joshy G, Bauman A, Phongsavan P, Korda RJ. Variation in health inequalities according to measures of socioeconomic status and age. Aust N Z J Public Health 2014; 38(5): 436-40.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
46 Mnatzaganian G, Hiller JE, Fletcher J, Putland M, Knott C, Braitberg G, et al. Socioeconomic gradients in admission to coronary or intensive care units among Australians presenting with non-traumatic chest pain in emergency departments. BMC Emerg Med 2018; 18(1): 32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
47 Mnatzaganian G, Lee CMY, Robinson S, Sitas F, Chow CK, Woodward M, et al. Socioeconomic disparities in the management of coronary heart disease in 438 general practices in Australia. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28(4): 400-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
48 Morton JI, Ilomäki J, Wood SJ, Bell JS, Huynh Q, Magliano DJ, et al. Treatment gaps, 1-year readmission and mortality following myocardial infarction by diabetes status, sex and socioeconomic disadvantage. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76(7): 637-45.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
49 Morton JI, Ilomäki J, Wood SJ, Bell JS, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ. One-year readmission and mortality following ischaemic stroke by diabetes status, sex, and socioeconomic disadvantage: An analysis of 27,802 strokes from 2012 to 2017. J Neurol Sci 2022; 434: 120149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
50 Nembhard WN, Bourke J, Leonard H, Eckersley L, Li J, Bower C. Twenty-five-year survival for Aboriginal and Caucasian children with congenital heart defects in Western Australia, 1980 to 2010. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2016; 106(12): 1016-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
51 Nghiem S, Afoakwah C, Scuffham P, Byrnes J. A baseline profile of the Queensland Cardiac Record Linkage Cohort (QCard) study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2022; 22(1): 35.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
52 Nichols L, Gall S, Stankovich J, Stirling C. Associations between socioeconomic status and place of residence with survival after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Intern Med J 2021; 51(12): 2095-103.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
53 Nichols L, Stirling C, Otahal P, Stankovich J, Gall S. Socioeconomic Disadvantage Is Associated with a Higher Incidence of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27(3): 660-8.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
54 Nichols L, Stirling C, Stankovich J, Gall S. Time to treatment following an aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, rural place of residence and inter-hospital transfers. Australas Emerg Care 2020; 23(4): 225-32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
55 Pemberton K, Bosley E, Franklin RC, Watt K. Pre-hospital outcomes of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac aetiology in Queensland, Australia (2002-2014): Trends over time. Emerg Med Australas 2019; 31(5): 813-20.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
56 Pemberton K, Bosley E, Franklin RC, Watt K. Epidemiology of pre-hospital outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Queensland, Australia. Emerg Med Australas 2019; 31(5): 821-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
57 Pemberton K, Franklin RC, Bosley E, Watt K. Long-term outcomes of adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Queensland, Australia (2002-2014): incidence and temporal trends. Heart 2021; 107(16): 1310-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
58 Rachele JN, Giles-Corti B, Turrell G. Neighbourhood disadvantage and self-reported type 2 diabetes, heart disease and comorbidity: a cross-sectional multilevel study. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26(2): 146-50.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
59 Ramkumar S, Ochi A, Yang H, Nerlekar N, D’Elia N, Potter EL, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and incident atrial fibrillation. Intern Med J 2019; 49(10): 1244-51.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
60 Randall SM, Zilkens R, Duke JM, Boyd JH. Western Australia population trends in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction between 1993 and 2012. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222: 678-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
61 Roberts KV, Maguire GP, Brown A, Atkinson DN, Remenyi B, Wheaton G, et al. Rheumatic heart disease in Indigenous children in northern Australia: differences in prevalence and the challenges of screening. Med J Aust 2015; 203(5): 221-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
62 Robins S, Gardiner S, Terry DR. The urban-rural divide: Hypertensive disease hospitalisations in Victoria 2010–2015. Australas Med J 2017; 10:.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
63 Roseleur J, Gonzalez-Chica DA, Bernardo CO, Geisler BP, Karnon J, Stocks NP. Blood pressure control in Australian general practice: analysis using general practice records of 1.2 million patients from the MedicineInsight database. J Hypertens 2021; 39(6): 1134-42.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
64 Saghapour T, Giles-Corti B, Rachele J, Turrell G. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of neighbourhood disadvantage and cardiovascular disease and the mediating role of physical activity. Prev Med 2021; 147: 106506.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
65 Shi WY, Yap CH, Newcomb AE, Hayward PA, Tran L, Reid CM, et al. Impact of socioeconomic status and rurality on early outcomes and mid-term survival after CABG: insights from a multicentre registry. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 23(8): 726-36.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
66 Smurthwaite K, Bagheri N. Using Geographical Convergence of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Type 2 Diabetes at the Neighborhood Level to Inform Policy and Practice. Prev Chronic Dis 2017; 14: E91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
67 Straney LD, Bray JE, Beck B, Bernard S, Lijovic M, Smith K. Are sociodemographic characteristics associated with spatial variation in the incidence of OHCA and bystander CPR rates? A population-based observational study in Victoria, Australia. BMJ Open 2016; 6(11): e012434.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
68 Tideman P, Anne WT, Edward J, Ben P, Robyn C, Elizabeth P, et al. A comparison of Australian rural and metropolitan cardiovascular risk and mortality: the Greater Green Triangle and North West Adelaide population surveys. BMJ Open 2013; 3(8): e003203.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
69 Xu Z, Tong S, Pan H, Cheng J. Associations of extreme temperatures with hospitalizations and post-discharge deaths for stroke: What is the role of pre-existing hyperlipidemia? Environ Res 2021; 193: 110391.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
70 Yiallourou SR, Magliano D, Haregu TN, Carrington MJ, Rolnik DL, Rombauts L, et al. Long term all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality among women who undergo fertility treatment. Med J Aust 2022; 217(10): 532-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
71 Shavers VL. Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research. J Natl Med Assoc 2007; 99(9): 1013-23.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |
72 Rosengren A, Smyth A, Rangarajan S, Ramasundarahettige C, Bangdiwala SI, AlHabib KF, et al. Socioeconomic status and risk of cardiovascular disease in 20 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiologic (PURE) study. Lancet Glob Health 2019; 7(6): e748-60.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
73 Mark W, Sanne AEP, Batty GD, Hirotsugu U, Jean W, Graham GG, et al. Socioeconomic status in relation to cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality: a comparison of Asian and Australasian populations in a pooled analysis. BMJ Open 2015; 5(3): e006408.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
74 Moss JL, Johnson NJ, Yu M, Altekruse SF, Cronin KA. Comparisons of individual- and area-level socioeconomic status as proxies for individual-level measures: evidence from the Mortality Disparities in American Communities study. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19(1): 1.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
75 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-Economic Indexes For Areas: Getting a Handle on Individual Diversity Within Areas - 1351.0.55.036. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2011. Available at https://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/C523F80A0B938ACBCA25790600138037/$File/1351055036_sep%202011.pdf [cited 6 July 2023].
76 Kerr J, Mavoa S, Schroers R-D, Eagleson S, Exeter D, Watkins A, et al. Measuring area-level disadvantage in Australia: Development of a locally sensitive indicator. Aust Popul Stud 2021; 5(2): 15-28.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
77 Shih Y-CT, Bradley C, Yabroff KR. Ecological and individualistic fallacies in health disparities research. J Natl Cancer Inst 2023; 115(5): 488-91.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
78 Briz-Redón Á. A Bayesian shared-effects modeling framework to quantify the modifiable areal unit problem. Spatial Stat 2022; 51: 100689.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
79 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Postal Areas. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2021. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026/non-abs-structures/postal-areas [cited 15 September 2023].
80 Pichora E, Polsky JY, Catley C, Perumal N, Jin J, Allin S. Comparing individual and area-based income measures: impact on analysis of inequality in smoking, obesity, and diabetes rates in Canadians 2003-2013. Can J Public Health 2018; 109(3): 410-8.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
81 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Using and interpreting SEIFA. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2023. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/detailed-methodology-information/concepts-sources-methods/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-technical-paper/2021/using-and-interpreting-seifa [cited 6 July 2023].
82 Versace VL, Skinner TC, Bourke L, Harvey P, Barnett T. National analysis of the Modified Monash Model, population distribution and a socio-economic index to inform rural health workforce planning. Aust J Rural Health 2021; 29(5): 801-10.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
83 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Area Level 2. Canberra Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2021. Available at https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/standards/australian-statistical-geography-standard-asgs-edition-3/jul2021-jun2026/main-structure-and-greater-capital-city-statistical-areas/statistical-area-level-2 [cited 15 September 2023].
84 Beks H, Versace V, Mitchell F, Charles J, Chatfield T, Zwolak R. Redressing barriers to healthcare for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples: preliminary findings from a mobile clinic in rural Victoria. Public Health Res Pract 33: e33012301.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
85 Beks H, Mitchell F, Charles J, Wong Shee A, McNamara K, Versace VL. Implementation of telehealth primary health care services in a rural Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Organisation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study. Rural Remote Health 2023; 23: 7521.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
86 Ines K, Rob C, Bernadette M, Mohammadreza M, Sophy TFS, Peta T, et al. Pharmacy Diabetes Screening Trial: protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled trial to compare three screening methods for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Australian community pharmacy. BMJ Open 2017; 7(12): e017725.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
87 Krass I, Carter R, Mitchell B, Mohebbi M, Shih STF, Trinder P, et al. Pharmacy diabetes screening trial (PDST): Outcomes of a national clustered RCT comparing three screening methods for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in community pharmacy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 197: 110566.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
88 Versace VL, Beks H, Charles J. Towards consistent geographic reporting of Australian health research. Med J Aust 2021; 215(11): 525.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
89 Australian Research Council. LE220100028. Deakin University; 2023. Available at https://dataportal.arc.gov.au/RGS/Web/Grants/LE220100028 [cited 6 July 2023]
