Cost-effectiveness of a complex intervention in general practice to increase uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives in Australia†
Milena Lewandowska
A J , Richard De Abreu Lourenco A , Marion Haas A B , Cathy J. Watson C , Kirsten I. Black D , Angela Taft E , Jayne Lucke F , Kevin McGeechan A B , Kathleen McNamee G H , Jeffrey F. Peipert I and Danielle Mazza C
A Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Richard.DeAbreuLourenco@chere.uts.edu.au; Marion.Haas@chere.uts.edu.au
B School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Kevin.McGeechan@sydney.edu.au
C Department of General Practice, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. Email: Cathy.Watson@monash.edu; Danielle.Mazza@monash.edu
D Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. Email: Kirsten.Black@sydney.edu.au
E Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. Email: A.Taft@latrobe.edu.au
F School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia. Email: J.Lucke@latrobe.edu.au
G Family Planning Victoria, Vic., Australia. Email: kmcnamee@fpv.org.au
H Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
I Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. Email: jpeipert@iu.edu
J Corresponding author. Email: Milena.Lewandowska@chere.uts.edu.au
Australian Health Review 45(6) 728-734 https://doi.org/10.1071/AH20282
Submitted: 2 October 2020 Accepted: 9 March 2021 Published: 26 October 2021
Journal Compilation © AHHA 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the Australian Contraceptive ChOice pRoject (ACCORd) intervention.
Methods An economic evaluation compared the costs and outcomes of the ACCORd intervention with usual care (UC). Data from the ACCORd trial were used to estimate costs and efficacy in terms of contraceptive uptake and quality of life. Rates of contraceptive failure and pregnancy were sourced from the literature. Using a Markov model, within-trial results were extrapolated over 10 years and subjected to univariate sensitivity analyses. Model outputs were expressed as the cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained and cost per unintended pregnancy resulting in birth (UPB) avoided.
Results Over 10 years, compared with UC, initiating contraception through the ACCORd intervention resulted in 0.02 fewer UPB and higher total costs (A$2505 vs A$1179) per woman. The incremental cost-effectiveness of the ACCORd intervention versus UC was A$1172 per QALY gained and A$7385 per UPB averted. If the start-up cost of the ACCORd intervention was removed, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was A$81 per QALY gained and A$511 per UPB averted. The results were most sensitive to the probability of contraceptive failure, the probability of pregnancy-related healthcare service utilisation or the inclusion of the costs of implementing the ACCORd intervention.
Conclusions From a health system perspective, if implemented appropriately in terms of uptake and reach, and assuming an implicit willingness to pay threshold of A$50 000 the ACCORd intervention is cost-effective.
What is known about the topic? The uptake of long-active reversible contraceptives (LARC) in Australia is low. The ACCORd trial assessed the efficacy of providing structured training to general practitioners (GPs) on LARC counselling, together with access to rapid referral to insertion clinics.
What does this paper add? This study is the first to assess the cost-effectiveness of a complex intervention in the general practice setting aimed at increasing the uptake of LARC in Australia.
What are the implications for practitioners? The results show that implementing a complex intervention in general practice involving GP education and the availability of rapid referral to LARC insertion clinics is a cost-effective approach to increase LARC use and its attending efficacy. If the majority of Australian GPs were able to deliver effectiveness-based contraceptive counselling and either insert LARC or use a rapid referral process to a LARC insertion clinic, the additional cost associated with the purchase of LARC products and their insertion would be offset by reductions to health system costs as a result of fewer UPB and abortions. Moreover, the benefits to women’s physical and psychological health of avoiding such events is substantial.
Keywords: ACCORd, contraceptive counselling, economic evaluation, general practice, health economics, health services, long-acting reversible contraceptives, quality of life.
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