Register      Login
Australian Health Review Australian Health Review Society
Journal of the Australian Healthcare & Hospitals Association
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Factors influencing participation in clinical supervision: a qualitative study reflecting physiotherapist and manager perspectives

Sarah Osiurak A , Nicholas F. Taylor B C , Katherine Lawler B C , Kimberley Williams A , Timothy Albiston A and David A. Snowdon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2041-3120 C D *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A Physiotherapy Department, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Vic, Australia.

B Allied Health Clinical Research Office, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Vic, Australia.

C School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic, Australia.

D Academic Unit, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Vic, Australia.

* Correspondence to: d.snowdon@latrobe.edu.au

Australian Health Review 49, AH24293 https://doi.org/10.1071/AH24293
Submitted: 22 October 2024  Accepted: 20 December 2024  Published: 28 January 2025

© 2025 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of AHHA.

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to explore physiotherapist and manager perceptions of factors that influence physiotherapist participation in clinical supervision.

Methods

Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with physiotherapists (n = 15) and managers (n = 10) from a publicly funded health network. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative analysis of transcripts was completed using inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes explained the factors perceived by participants to influence participation in clinical supervision: the value of clinical supervision; operationalisation of the organisational clinical supervision framework; and the clinical supervision culture. Identified factors influenced participation by either facilitating or discouraging access to supervision and prioritisation of supervision relative to competing professional demands.

Conclusions

Physiotherapist participation in clinical supervision is crucial for their professional development and to deliver high-quality care. Participation might be enhanced by initiatives that address factors identified in this study. These may include introducing processes that ensure supervisees and supervisors are accountable for their participation in supervision; providing alternative supervisory arrangements during leave, vacancies, or redeployment; allocating on-site supervisors to accommodate preferred supervision formats; and promoting a safe learning environment where physiotherapists can address knowledge or skill gaps without fear of judgement.

Keywords: allied health, clinical governance, clinical supervision, participation, physiotherapy, professional support, professional well-being, staff development.

References

Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards. Sydney: Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care; 2017.

Dawson M, Phillips P, Leggat S. Clinical supervision for allied health professionals: a systematic review. J Allied Health 2013; 42: 65-73.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Milne D. An empirical definition of clinical supervision. Br J Clin Psychol 2007; 46: 437-47.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Snowdon DA, Leggat SG, Harding KE, et al. Direct supervision of physiotherapists improves compliance with clinical practice guidelines for patients with hip fracture: a controlled before-and-after study. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 42: 3825-32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Martin P, Lizarondo L, Kumar S, et al. Impact of clinical supervision on healthcare organisational outcomes: a mixed methods systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0260156.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Snowdon DA, Kent F, Farlie MK, et al. Access to and effectiveness of clinical supervision for allied health workers: A cross-sectional survey. Med Teach 2024; 46: 640-7.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Wilson E, Taylor NF. Clinical supervision for allied health professionals working in community health care settings: Barriers to participation. J Allied Health 2019; 48: 270-6.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

Snowdon DA, Millard G, Taylor NF. Effectiveness of clinical supervision of physiotherapists: a survey. Aust Health Rev 2015; 39: 190-96.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

Gardner MJ, McKinstry C, Perrin B. Effectiveness of allied health clinical supervision a cross-sectional survey of supervisees. J Allied Health 2018; 47: 126-32.
| Google Scholar | PubMed |

10  Osiurak S, Taylor NF, Albiston T, et al. Interactive clinical supervision training added to self-education leads to small improvements in the effectiveness of clinical supervision of physiotherapists: a randomised trial. J Physiother 2024; 70: 33-9.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

11  Doyle L, McCabe C, Keogh B, et al. An overview of the qualitative descriptive design within nursing research. J Res Nurs 2020; 25: 443-55.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

12  Braun V, Clarke V. Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: Sage Publications; 2022.

13  Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int J Qual Healthcare 2007; 19: 349-57.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

14  Department of Health and Human Services. Victorian allied health clinical supervision framework. Melbourne: Department of Health and Human Services; 2019.

15  Proctor B. Enabling and ensuring: supervision in practice. In: Marken M, Payne M, editors. Supervision: A Cooperative Exercise in Accountability. Leicester: National Youth Bureau; 1986. pp. 21–34.

16  Ryan F, Coughlan M, Cronin P. Interviewing in qualitative research: the one-to-one interview. Int J Ther Rehabil 2009; 16: 309-14.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |

17  Krefting L. Rigor in qualitative research: the assessment of trustworthiness. Am J Occup Ther 1991; 45: 214-22.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

18  Öhman A. Qualitative methodology for rehabilitation research. J Rehabil Med 2005; 37: 273-80.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

19  Snowdon DA, Cooke S, Lawler K, et al. Physiotherapists Prefer Clinical Supervision to Focus on Professional Skill Development: A Qualitative Study. Physiother Can 2020; 72: 249-57.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

20  Redpath AA, Gill SD, Finlay N, et al. Public sector physiotherapists believe that staff supervision should be broad ranging, individualised, structured, and based on needs and goals: a qualitative study. J Physiother 2015; 61: 210-6.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

21  Gardner MJ, McKinstry C, Perrin B. Effectiveness of allied health clinical supervision following the implementation of an organisational framework. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:: 261.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

22  Yegdich T. Clinical supervision and managerial supervision: some historical and conceptual considerations. J Adv Nurs 1999; 30: 1195-204.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

23  Australian Physiotherapy Association (APA). Future of Physiotherapy in Australia: A 10-Year vision policy white paper. Melbourne: APA; 2022.

24  Paynter S, Iles R, Hodgson WC, Hay M. Career intentions and satisfaction influences in early career Australian physiotherapists. Physiother Theory Pract 2024; 40: 2065-82.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

25  Snowdon DA, Hau R, Leggat SG, et al. Does clinical supervision of health professionals improve patient safety? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Qual Health Care 2016; 28: 447-55.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

26  Snowdon DA, Leggat SG, Taylor NF. Does clinical supervision of healthcare professionals improve effectiveness of care and patient experience? A systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:: 786.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

27  Gardner MJ, McKinstry C, Perrin BM. Enhancing the quality of allied health clinical supervision in a regional setting: An action research study. Aust J Rural Health 2023; 31: 308-21.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

28  Molloy E, Bearman M. Embracing the tension between vulnerability and credibility: ‘intellectual candour’ in health professions education. Med Educ 2019; 53: 32-41.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

29  Snowdon DA, Sargent M, Williams CM, et al. Effective clinical supervision of allied health professionals: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20: 2.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |

30  Martin P, Kumar S, Ducat W, et al. Interprofessional supervision: strengthening clinical supervision by utilising commonalities across professions: Interprofessional supervision. J Pract Teach Learn 2024; 22(1–2): 97-114.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |