Characterisation of volatile organic compounds in dingo scat and a comparison with those of the domestic dog
Tyler J. Lepan![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6823-6816](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-7478](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2358-6003](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
A Department of Environment and Genetics, SABE, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia.
B Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic. 3086, Australia.
C Biosecurity and Animal Welfare, Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, NT, Australia.
D School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
E School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3052, Australia.
Australian Journal of Zoology 70(5) 142-152 https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO23001
Submitted: 19 January 2023 Accepted: 22 March 2023 Published: 24 May 2023
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Olfaction is a widespread mode of communication in mammals. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in biological samples such as scat and urine give them either a repellent property to warn prey or an attractant property to communicate reproductive, social, and territorial status to conspecifics. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are VOC differences in the scat of a dingo compared to that of a domestic German Shepherd Dog (GSD). We standardised the diet for 10 days and then collected scat from 14 dingoes and 11 GSDs. Using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we characterised VOCs present in the dingo scat and compared the composition with those of GSDs. We identified 58 significant VOCs out of a total of 154 VOCs identified in both dingoes and GSDs. Of these, 12 were significantly higher in the scat of dingoes and 46 elevated in the GSD. Of the 12 elevated in the dingo, three were unique and present in high concentration (>10 ng/g), four were elevated and present in high concentration and five were present at low concentrations (<10 ng/g). We suggest that the detected differences show potential to be incorporated into dingo management strategies.
Keywords: canids, dingo, German Shepherd dog, HS-SPME-GC/MS, native animal management, odours, olfaction, scat, untargeted volatilomics, volatile organic compounds.
References
Ache, BW, and Young, JM (2005). Olfaction: diverse species, conserved principles. Neuron 48, 417–430.| Olfaction: diverse species, conserved principles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aggarwal, P, Baker, J, Boyd, MT, Coyle, S, Probert, C, and Chapman, EA (2020). Optimisation of urine sample preparation for headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: altering sample ph, sulphuric acid concentration and phase ratio. Metabolites 10, 482.
| Optimisation of urine sample preparation for headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: altering sample ph, sulphuric acid concentration and phase ratio.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Apfelbach, R, Blanchard, CD, Blanchard, RJ, Hayes, RA, and McGregor, IS (2005). The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: a review of field and laboratory studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29, 1123–1144.
| The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: a review of field and laboratory studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Apps, PJ (2013). Are mammal olfactory signals hiding right under our noses? Naturwissenschaften 100, 487–506.
| Are mammal olfactory signals hiding right under our noses?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Apps, P, Mmualefe, L, and McNutt, JW (2012). Identification of volatiles from the secretions and excretions of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Journal of Chemical Ecology 38, 1450–1461.
| Identification of volatiles from the secretions and excretions of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Arnould, C, Malosse, C, Signoret, J-P, and Descoins, C (1998). Which chemical constituents from dog feces are involved in its food repellent effect in sheep? Journal of Chemical Ecology 24, 559–576.
| Which chemical constituents from dog feces are involved in its food repellent effect in sheep?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ballard, JWO, and Wilson, LAB (2019). The Australian dingo: untamed or feral? Frontiers in Zoology 16, 2.
| The Australian dingo: untamed or feral?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bjornerfeldt, S, Webster, MT, and Vila, C (2006). Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication. Genome Research 16, 990–994.
| Relaxation of selective constraint on dog mitochondrial DNA following domestication.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN (1991) ‘Eucalyptus leaf oils, use, chemistry, distillation and marketing.’ p. 252. (Inkata Press: Melbourne)
Bradbury JW (1998) ‘Principles of animal communication.’ (Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA)
Brennan, PA, and Kendrick, KM (2006). Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, 2061–2078.
| Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burgener, N, Dehnhard, M, Hofer, H, and East, ML (2009). Does anal gland scent signal identity in the spotted hyaena? Animal Behaviour 77, 707–715.
| Does anal gland scent signal identity in the spotted hyaena?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Burger, BV, Viviers, MZ, Bekker, JPI, le Roux, M, Fish, N, Fourie, WB, and Weibchen, G (2008). Chemical characterization of territorial marking fluid of male Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34, 659–671.
| Chemical characterization of territorial marking fluid of male Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carthey, AJR, Bucknall, MP, Wierucka, K, and Banks, PB (2017). Novel predators emit novel cues: a mechanism for prey naivety towards alien predators. Scientific Reports 7, 16377.
| Novel predators emit novel cues: a mechanism for prey naivety towards alien predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, M, Chen, X, Nsor-Atindana, J, Masamba, KG, Ma, J, and Zhong, F (2017). Optimization of key aroma compounds for dog food attractant. Animal Feed Science and Technology 225, 173–181.
| Optimization of key aroma compounds for dog food attractant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Choquenot, D, and Forsyth, DM (2013). Exploitation ecosystems and trophic cascades in non-equilibrium systems: pasture – red kangaroo – dingo interactions in arid Australia. Oikos 122, 1292–1306.
| Exploitation ecosystems and trophic cascades in non-equilibrium systems: pasture – red kangaroo – dingo interactions in arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Corre, J, Lucchini, JJ, Mercier, GM, and Cremieux, A (1990). Antibacterial activity of phenethyl alcohol and resulting membrane alterations. Research in Microbiology 141, 483–497.
| Antibacterial activity of phenethyl alcohol and resulting membrane alterations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cruz, F, Vila, C, and Webster, MT (2008). The legacy of domestication: accumulation of deleterious mutations in the dog genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, 2331–2336.
| The legacy of domestication: accumulation of deleterious mutations in the dog genome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
De Angelis, M, Montemurno, E, Vannini, L, Cosola, C, Cavallo, N, Gozzi, G, Maranzano, V, Di Cagno, R, Gobbetti, M, and Gesualdo, L (2015). Effect of whole-grain barley on the human fecal microbiota and metabolome. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, 7945–7956.
| Effect of whole-grain barley on the human fecal microbiota and metabolome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deschamps, C, Humbert, D, Zentek, J, Denis, S, Priymenko, N, Apper, E, and Blanquet-Diot, S (2022). From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota evolve with dog sizes. International Journal of Biological Sciences 18, 5086–5102.
| From Chihuahua to Saint-Bernard: how did digestion and microbiota evolve with dog sizes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dickinson, JR, Salgado, LEJ, and Hewlins, MJE (2003). The catabolism of amino acids to long chain and complex alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278, 8028–8034.
| The catabolism of amino acids to long chain and complex alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dzięcioł, M, Woszczylo, M, Szumny, A, Jezierski, T, Kupczyński, R, Godzińska, EJ, Pieczewska, B, and Niżański, W (2018). Identification of putative volatile sex pheromones in female domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Animal Reproduction Science 197, 87–92.
| Identification of putative volatile sex pheromones in female domestic dogs (Canis familiaris).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ehlers, S, Szczerbowski, D, Harig, T, Stell, M, Hötling, S, Darragh, K, Jiggins, CD, and Schulz, S (2021). Identification and composition of clasper scent gland components of the butterfly Heliconius erato and its relation to mimicry. ChemBioChem 22, 3300–3313.
| Identification and composition of clasper scent gland components of the butterfly Heliconius erato and its relation to mimicry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
El-Sayed AM (2017) ‘The pherobase: database of insect pheromones and semiochemicals. Vol. 2022.’ (Ashraf M. El-Sayed)
Field, MA, Rosen, BD, Dudchenko, O, Chan, EKF, Minoche, AE, Edwards, RJ, Barton, K, Lyons, RJ, Tuipulotu, DE, Hayes, VM, D. Omer, A, Colaric, Z, Keilwagen, J, Skvortsova, K, Bogdanovic, O, Smith, MA, Aiden, EL, Smith, TPL, Zammit, RA, and Ballard, JWO (2020). Canfam_GSD: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly of the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) using a combination of long reads, optical mapping, and Hi-C. GigaScience 9, .
| Canfam_GSD: De novo chromosome-length genome assembly of the German Shepherd Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) using a combination of long reads, optical mapping, and Hi-C.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Field, MA, Yadav, S, Dudchenko, O, Esvaran, M, Rosen, BD, Skvortsova, K, Edwards, RJ, Keilwagen, J, Cochran, BJ, Manandhar, B, Bustamante, S, Rasmussen, JA, Melvin, RG, Chernoff, B, Omer, A, Colaric, Z, Chan, EKF, Minoche, AE, Smith, TPL, Gilbert, MTP, Bogdanovic, O, Zammit, RA, Thomas, T, Aiden, EL, and Ballard, JWO (2022). The Australian dingo is an early offshoot of modern breed dogs. Science Advances 8, eabm5944.
| The Australian dingo is an early offshoot of modern breed dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fisher, AG, Mills, CH, Lyons, M, Cornwell, WK, and Letnic, M (2021). Remote sensing of trophic cascades: multi-temporal landsat imagery reveals vegetation change driven by the removal of an apex predator. Landscape Ecology 36, 1341–1358.
| Remote sensing of trophic cascades: multi-temporal landsat imagery reveals vegetation change driven by the removal of an apex predator.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fleming PJS, Allen BL, Allen LR, Ballard G, Bengsen AJ, Gentle MN, McLeod LJ, Meek PD, Saunders GR (2014) Management of wild canids in Australia: free-ranging dogs and red foxes. In ‘Carnivores of Australia: past, present and future’. (Eds AS Glen, CR Dickman) pp. 105–149. (CSIRO Publishing)
Francke W, Schulz S (1999) Miscellaneous natural products including marine natural products, pheromones, plant hormones, and aspects of ecology. In ‘Comprehensive natural products chemistry. Vol. 8.04’. (Eds D Barton, K Nakanishi, O Meth-Cohn) pp. 197–261. (Elsevier Science: Amsterdam)
Frank, ASK, Carthey, AJR, and Banks, PB (2016). Does historical coexistence with dingoes explain current avoidance of domestic dogs? Island bandicoots are naïve to dogs, unlike their mainland counterparts. PLoS ONE 11, e0161447.
| Does historical coexistence with dingoes explain current avoidance of domestic dogs? Island bandicoots are naïve to dogs, unlike their mainland counterparts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gibka, J, Kunicka-Styczyńska, A, and Gliński, M (2009). Antimicrobial activity of undecan-3-one, undecan-3-ol and undec-3-yl acetate. Experimental Immunology 34, 154–157.
Gittleman JL (1989) ‘Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution.’ (Comstock Pub. Associates: Ithaca)
Gu, M, Xue, Z, Lv, S, Cai, Y, Zhang, L, and Gao, X (2022). Corynebacterium sp. 2-TD mediated toxicity of 2-tridecanone to Helicoverpa armigera. Toxins 14, 698.
| Corynebacterium sp. 2-TD mediated toxicity of 2-tridecanone to Helicoverpa armigera.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hubbard, TD, Liu, Q, Murray, IA, Dong, F, Miller, C, Smith, PB, Gowda, K, Lin, JM, Amin, S, Patterson, AD, and Perdew, GH (2019). Microbiota metabolism promotes synthesis of the human ah receptor agonist 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline. Journal of Proteome Research 18, 1715–1724.
| Microbiota metabolism promotes synthesis of the human ah receptor agonist 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jamieson, LTJ, Baxter, GS, and Murray, PJ (2017). Identifying suitable detection dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 195, 1–7.
| Identifying suitable detection dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jezierski, T, Adamkiewicz, E, Walczak, M, Sobczyńska, M, Górecka-Bruzda, A, Ensminger, J, and Papet, E (2014). Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment. Forensic Science International 237, 112–118.
| Efficacy of drug detection by fully-trained police dogs varies by breed, training level, type of drug and search environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, MK, Huff, TB, Freeman, EW, and Songsasen, N (2021). Differential expression of urinary volatile organic compounds by sex, male reproductive status, and pairing status in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). PLoS ONE 16, e0256388.
| Differential expression of urinary volatile organic compounds by sex, male reproductive status, and pairing status in the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jorgenson, JW, Novotny, M, Carmack, M, Copland, GB, Wilson, SR, Katona, S, and Whitten, WK (1978). Chemical scent constituents in the urine of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) during the winter season. Science 199, 796–798.
| Chemical scent constituents in the urine of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) during the winter season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karu, N, Deng, L, Slae, M, Guo, AC, Sajed, T, Huynh, H, Wine, E, and Wishart, DS (2018). A review on human fecal metabolomics: methods, applications and the human fecal metabolome database. Analytica Chimica Acta 1030, 1–24.
| A review on human fecal metabolomics: methods, applications and the human fecal metabolome database.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kimps, NW, Bissinger, BW, Apperson, CS, Sonenshine, DE, and Roe, RM (2011). First report of the repellency of 2-tridecanone against ticks. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 25, 202–208.
| First report of the repellency of 2-tridecanone against ticks.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kokocińska-Kusiak, A, Woszczyło, M, Zybala, M, Maciocha, J, Barłowska, K, and Dzięcioł, M (2021). Canine olfaction: physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications. Animals 11, 2463.
| Canine olfaction: physiology, behavior, and possibilities for practical applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lackey, AI, Chen, T, Zhou, YX, Bottasso Arias, NM, Doran, JM, Zacharisen, SM, Gajda, AM, Jonsson, WO, Corsico, B, Anthony, TG, Joseph, LB, and Storch, J (2020). Mechanisms underlying reduced weight gain in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) null mice. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 318, G518–G530.
| Mechanisms underlying reduced weight gain in intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP) null mice.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leo, V, Reading, RP, and Letnic, M (2015). Interference competition: odours of an apex predator and conspecifics influence resource acquisition by red foxes. Oecologia 179, 1033–1040.
| Interference competition: odours of an apex predator and conspecifics influence resource acquisition by red foxes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lesniak, A, Walczak, M, Jezierski, T, Sacharczuk, M, Gawkowski, M, and Jaszczak, K (2008). Canine olfactory receptor gene polymorphism and its relation to odor detection performance by sniffer dogs. Journal of Heredity 99, 518–527.
| Canine olfactory receptor gene polymorphism and its relation to odor detection performance by sniffer dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liberles, SD (2014). Mammalian pheromones. Annual Review of Physiology 76, 151–175.
| Mammalian pheromones.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lilley, BD, and Brewer, JH (1953). The selective antibacterial action of phenylethyl alcohol. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific ed.) 42, 6–8.
| The selective antibacterial action of phenylethyl alcohol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lima, RK, Cardoso, MdG, Andrade, MA, Guimarães, PL, Batista, LR, and Nelson, DL (2012). Bactericidal and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Myristica fragrans Houtt and Salvia microphylla H.B.K. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 89, 523–528.
| Bactericidal and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Myristica fragrans Houtt and Salvia microphylla H.B.K.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
López-Lara, IM, Nogales, J, Pech-Canul, Á, Calatrava-Morales, N, Bernabéu-Roda, LM, Durán, P, Cuéllar, V, Olivares, J, Alvarez, L, Palenzuela-Bretones, D, Romero, M, Heeb, S, Cámara, M, Geiger, O, and Soto, MJ (2018). 2-Tridecanone impacts surface-associated bacterial behaviours and hinders plant–bacteria interactions. Environmental Microbiology 20, 2049–2065.
| 2-Tridecanone impacts surface-associated bacterial behaviours and hinders plant–bacteria interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martín, J, Barja, I, and López, P (2010). Chemical scent constituents in feces of wild Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38, 1096–1102.
| Chemical scent constituents in feces of wild Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLean, S, Nichols, DS, and Davies, NW (2021). Volatile scent chemicals in the urine of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. PLoS ONE 16, e0248961.
| Volatile scent chemicals in the urine of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morris, T, and Letnic, M (2017). Removal of an apex predator initiates a trophic cascade that extends from herbivores to vegetation and the soil nutrient pool. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, 20170111–20170111.
Noonan, MJ, Tinnesand, HV, Müller, CT, Rosell, F, Macdonald, DW, and Buesching, CD (2019). Knowing me, knowing you: anal gland secretion of european badgers (Meles meles) codes for individuality, sex and social group membership. Journal of Chemical Ecology 45, 823–837.
| Knowing me, knowing you: anal gland secretion of european badgers (Meles meles) codes for individuality, sex and social group membership.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parsons, MH, and Blumstein, DT (2010). Familiarity breeds contempt: kangaroos persistently avoid areas with experimentally deployed dingo scents. PLoS ONE 5, e10403.
| Familiarity breeds contempt: kangaroos persistently avoid areas with experimentally deployed dingo scents.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parsons, MH, Lamont, BB, Kovacs, BR, and Davies, SJJF (2007). Effects of novel and historic predator urines on semi-wild western grey kangaroos. Journal of Wildlife Management 71, 1225–1228.
| Effects of novel and historic predator urines on semi-wild western grey kangaroos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Parsons, MH, Apfelbach, R, Banks, PB, Cameron, EZ, Dickman, CR, Frank, ASK, Jones, ME, McGregor, IS, McLean, S, Müller-Schwarze, D, Sparrow, EE, and Blumstein, DT (2018). Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines. Biological Reviews 93, 98–114.
| Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Peng, J, and Wan, A (1998). Effect of ionic strength on Henry’s constants of volatile organic compound. Chemosphere 36, 2731–2740.
| Effect of ionic strength on Henry’s constants of volatile organic compound.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Polgár, Z, Kinnunen, M, Újváry, D, Miklósi, Á, and Gácsi, M (2016). A test of canine olfactory capacity: comparing various dog breeds and wolves in a natural detection task. PLoS ONE 11, e0154087.
| A test of canine olfactory capacity: comparing various dog breeds and wolves in a natural detection task.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rivers, JY, Truong, TT, Pogson, BJ, and McQuinn, RP (2019). Volatile apocarotenoid discovery and quantification in Arabidopsis thaliana: optimized sensitive analysis via HS-SPME-GC/MS. Metabolomics 15, 79.
| Volatile apocarotenoid discovery and quantification in Arabidopsis thaliana: optimized sensitive analysis via HS-SPME-GC/MS.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Robley A, Lindeman M, Cook I, Woodford L, Moloney P (2015) Dingo semiochemicals: towards a non-lethal control tool for the management of dingoes and wild dogs in Australia. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research.
Rosell, F, and Czech, A (2000). Responses of foraging Eurasian beavers Castor fiber to predator odours. Wildlife Biology 6, 13–21.
| Responses of foraging Eurasian beavers Castor fiber to predator odours.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schultz, TH, Kruse, SM, and Flath, RA (1985). Some volatile constituents of female dog urine. Journal of Chemical Ecology 11, 169–175.
| Some volatile constituents of female dog urine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schultz, TH, Flath, RA, Stern, DJ, Mon, TR, Teranishi, R, Kruse, SM, Butler, B, and Howard, WE (1988). Coyote estrous urine volatiles. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14, 701–712.
| Coyote estrous urine volatiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, BP, and Appleby, RG (2018). Promoting human–dingo co-existence in Australia: moving towards more innovative methods of protecting livestock rather than killing dingoes (Canis dingo). Wildlife Research 45, 1–15.
| Promoting human–dingo co-existence in Australia: moving towards more innovative methods of protecting livestock rather than killing dingoes (Canis dingo).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith B, Appleby R, Kelly J (2015) ‘The dingo debate: origins, behaviour and conservation.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Clayton South, Australia)
Soso, SB, and Koziel, JA (2016). Analysis of odorants in marking fluid of siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) using simultaneous sensory and chemical analysis with headspace solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Molecules 21, 834.
| Analysis of odorants in marking fluid of siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) using simultaneous sensory and chemical analysis with headspace solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Soso, SB, and Koziel, JA (2017). Characterizing the scent and chemical composition of Panthera leo marking fluid using solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Scientific Reports 7, 5137.
| Characterizing the scent and chemical composition of Panthera leo marking fluid using solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tanapichatsakul, C, Monggoot, S, Gentekaki, E, and Pripdeevech, P (2018). Antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites of Diaporthe spp. Isolated from flowers of Melodorum fruticosum. Current Microbiology 75, 476–483.
| Antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites of Diaporthe spp. Isolated from flowers of Melodorum fruticosum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Thomson, PC (1992). The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. II. Activity patterns, breeding season and pup rearing. Wildlife Research 19, 519–529.
| The behavioural ecology of dingoes in north-western Australia. II. Activity patterns, breeding season and pup rearing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Bommel, L, and Johnson, CN (2017). Olfactory communication to protect livestock: dingo response to urine marks of livestock guardian dogs. Australian Mammalogy 39, 219–226.
| Olfactory communication to protect livestock: dingo response to urine marks of livestock guardian dogs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vas, G, and Vékey, K (2004). Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 39, 233–254.
| Solid-phase microextraction: a powerful sample preparation tool prior to mass spectrometric analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vogt, K, Boos, S, Breitenmoser, U, and Kölliker, M (2016). Chemical composition of Eurasian lynx urine conveys information on reproductive state, individual identity, and urine age. Chemoecology 26, 205–217.
| Chemical composition of Eurasian lynx urine conveys information on reproductive state, individual identity, and urine age.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Webster, C, Massaro, M, Michael, DR, Bambrick, D, Riley, JL, and Nimmo, DG (2018). Native reptiles alter their foraging in the presence of the olfactory cues of invasive mammalian predators. Royal Society Open Science 5, 180136–180136.
| Native reptiles alter their foraging in the presence of the olfactory cues of invasive mammalian predators.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilton A (2001) DNA methods of assessing dingo purity. In ‘A symposium on the dingo’. (Eds CR Dickman, D Lunney) pp. 49–56. (Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales)
Wood, WF, Terwilliger, MN, and Copeland, JP (2005). Volatile compounds from anal glands of the wolverine, Gulo gulo. Journal of Chemical Ecology 31, 2111–2117.
| Volatile compounds from anal glands of the wolverine, Gulo gulo.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yadav, S, Pickford, R, Zammit, RA, and Ballard, JWO (2021). Metabolomics shows the Australian dingo has a unique plasma profile. Scientific Reports 11, 5245.
| Metabolomics shows the Australian dingo has a unique plasma profile.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zhang, S-J, Wang, G-D, Ma, P, Zhang, L-L, Yin, T-T, Liu, Y-H, Otecko, NO, Wang, M, Ma, Y-P, Wang, L, Mao, B, Savolainen, P, and Zhang, Y-P (2020). Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes. Nature Communications 11, 671.
| Genomic regions under selection in the feralization of the dingoes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |