Phylogeography and population genetic structure of an exotic invasive brine shrimp, Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea : Anostraca), in Australia
Alireza Asem
A D E , Amin Eimanifar B D E , Weidong Li A , Pei-Zheng Wang A , Samantha A. Brooks C and Michael Wink B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yucai Road, Sanya 572000, China.
B Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
C Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
D These two authors contributed equally to this paper.
E Corresponding authors. Email: asem.alireza@gmail.com; amineimanifar1979@gmail.com
Australian Journal of Zoology 66(6) 307-316 https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO18077
Submitted: 23 November 2018 Accepted: 3 April 2019 Published: 26 April 2019
Abstract
Native American Artemia franciscana has become an introduced species in the Old World due to the rapid development of the aquaculture industry in Eurasia. The recent colonisation of A. franciscana in Mediterranean regions and Asia has been well documented, but Australia is a continent where the dispersal of this species is not well understood. In the present study, we sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and examined the phylogenetic relationships, haplotype network and population genetic structure of Artemia from four geographical localities in Australia and two American native localities. Our results confirmed the colonisation of Australia in all four localities by A. franciscana. First, we document the occurrence of Artemia in Mulgundawa and St Kilda localities in Australia. The Dampier population is a monomorphic population, but there is high genetic variation and a degree of demographic expansion observed in other introduced A. franciscana populations in Australia. This observation suggests an interaction between environmental conditions and adaptive potentials of A. franciscana. Our findings imply that populations from St Kilda and Port Hedland might have originated from a San Francisco Bay source, while the two other locations resulted from admixture between Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay sources, perhaps resulting from secondary introduction events.
Additional keywords: Australian Artemia, biodiversity, introduced species, mtDNA-COI.
References
Abatzopoulos, T. J., El-Bermawi, N., Vasdekis, C., Baxevanis, A. D., and Sorgeloos, P. (2003). Effects of salinity and temperature on reproductive and life span characteristics of clonal Artemia. (International Study on Artemia. LXVI). Hydrobiologia 492, 191–199.| Effects of salinity and temperature on reproductive and life span characteristics of clonal Artemia. (International Study on Artemia. LXVI).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Abreu-Grobois, F. A., and Beardmore, J. A. (1982). Genetic differentiation and speciation in the brine shrimp Artemia. In ‘Mechanisms of Speciation’. (Ed. C. Barigozzi.) pp. 345–376. (Alan R. Liss: New York.)
Alfaro, M. E., Zoller, S., and Lutzoni, F. (2003). Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20, 255–266.
| Bayes or bootstrap? A simulation study comparing the performance of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 12598693PubMed |
Amat, F., Hontoria, F., Ruiz, O., Green, A., Sanchey, M. I., Figuerola, J., and Hortas, F. (2005). The American brine shrimp as an exotic invasive species in the western Mediterranean. Biological Invasions 7, 37–47.
| The American brine shrimp as an exotic invasive species in the western Mediterranean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amat, F., Hontoria, F., Navarro, J. C., Vieira, N., and Mura, G. (2007). Biodiversity loss in the genus Artemia in the western Mediterranean Region. Limnetica 26, 387–404.
Asem, A., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., and De los Rios, P. (2010). The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): true and false taxonomical descriptions Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 38, 501–506.
Asem, A., Eimanifar, A., and Sun, S. C. (2016). Genetic variation and evolutionary origins of parthenogenetic Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) with different ploidies. Zoologica Scripta 45, 421–436.
| Genetic variation and evolutionary origins of parthenogenetic Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) with different ploidies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ashton, G. V., Stevens, M. I., Hart, M. C., Green, D. H., Burrows, M. T., Cook, E. J., and Willis, K. J. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA reveals multiple Northern Hemisphere introductions of Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Molecular Ecology 17, 1293–1303.
| Mitochondrial DNA reveals multiple Northern Hemisphere introductions of Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18302689PubMed |
Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P., and Rohl, A. (1999). Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16, 37–48.
| Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 10331250PubMed |
Ben Naceur, H., Ben Rejeb, J. A., and Romdhane, M. S. (2010). Biological characterization of the new invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in Tunisia: Sabkhet Halk El-Menzel. International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 6, 131–137.
Bowen, S. T., Fogarino, E. A., Hitchner, K. N., Dana, G. L., Chow, V. H. S., Buoncristiani, M. R., and Carl, J. R. (1985). Ecological isolation in Artemia: population differences in tolerance of anion concentrations. Journal of Crustacean Biology 5, 106–129.
| Ecological isolation in Artemia: population differences in tolerance of anion concentrations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Browne, R. A., Davis, L. E., and Sallee, S. E. (1988). Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp Artemia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 124, 1–20.
| Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp Artemia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clark, L. S., and Bowen, S. T. (1976). The genetics of Artemia salina. VII. Reproductive isolation. The Journal of Heredity 67, 385–388.
| The genetics of Artemia salina. VII. Reproductive isolation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1021596PubMed |
Dlugosch, K. M., and Parker, I. M. (2008). Founding events in species invasions: genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions. Molecular Ecology 17, 431–449.
| Founding events in species invasions: genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17908213PubMed |
Eimanifar, A., and Wink, M. (2013). Fine-scale population genetic structure in Artemia urmiana (Gunther, 1890) based on mtDNA sequences and ISSR genomic fingerprinting. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 13, 531–543.
| Fine-scale population genetic structure in Artemia urmiana (Gunther, 1890) based on mtDNA sequences and ISSR genomic fingerprinting.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eimanifar, A., Van Stappen, G., Marden, B., and Wink, M. (2014). Artemia biodiversity in Asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced American species Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79, 392–403.
| Artemia biodiversity in Asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced American species Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25019975PubMed |
Excoffier, L., and Lischer, H. E. (2010). Arlequin Suite version 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10, 564–567.
| Arlequin Suite version 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 21565059PubMed |
Ficetola, G. F., Bonin, A., and Miaud, C. (2008). Population genetics reveals origin and number of founders in a biological invasion. Molecular Ecology 17, 773–782.
| Population genetics reveals origin and number of founders in a biological invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18194168PubMed |
Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., and Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 3, 294–299.
| 7881515PubMed |
Gaubert, P., Godoy, J. A., del Cerro, I., and Palomares, F. (2009). Early phases of a successful invasion: mitochondrial phylogeography of the common genet (Genetta genetta) within the Mediterranean Basin. Biological Invasions 11, 523–546.
| Early phases of a successful invasion: mitochondrial phylogeography of the common genet (Genetta genetta) within the Mediterranean Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geddes, M. C. (1979). Occurrence of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Australia. Crustaceana 36, 225–228.
| Occurrence of the brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geddes, M. C. (1981). The brine shrimps Artemia and Parartemia in Australia. Comparative physiology and distribution in Australia. Hydrobiologia 81–82, 169–179.
| The brine shrimps Artemia and Parartemia in Australia. Comparative physiology and distribution in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Geddes, M., and Williams, W. D. (1987). Comments on Artemia introductions and the need for conservation. In ‘Artemia Research and its Applications. Vol. 1’. (Eds P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir, and E. Jaspers.) pp. 19–26. (Universa Press: Wetteren.)
Golani, D. G., Azzurro, E., Corsini-Foka, M., Falautana, M., Andaloro, F., and Bernardi, G. (2007). Genetic bottlenecks and successful biological invasions: the case of a recent Lessepsian migrant. Biology Letters 3, 541–545.
| Genetic bottlenecks and successful biological invasions: the case of a recent Lessepsian migrant.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hontoria, F., Redón, S., Maccari, M., Varó, I., Carlos Vavarro, J., Ballell, L., and Amat, F. (2012). A revision of Artemia biodiversity in Macaronesia. Aquatic Biosystems 8, 25.
| A revision of Artemia biodiversity in Macaronesia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23075404PubMed |
Horvath, Z., Lejeusne, C., Amat, F., Sanchez-Fontenla, J., Vad, C. F., and Green, A. J. (2018). Eastern spread of the invasive Artemia franciscana in the Mediterranean Basin, with the first record from the Balkan Peninsula Hydrobiologia 822, 229–235.
| Eastern spread of the invasive Artemia franciscana in the Mediterranean Basin, with the first record from the Balkan PeninsulaCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hou, L, Bi, X, Zou, X, He, C, Yang, L, Qu, R, and Liu, Z (2006). Molecular systematics of bisexual Artemia populations. Aquaculture Research 37, 671–680.
Huelsenbeck, J. P., and Ronquist, F. (2001). MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17, 754–755.
| MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11524383PubMed |
Jones, A. G., Ewing, C. M., and Melvin, M. V. (1981). Biotechnology of solar saltfields. Hydrobiologia 81–82, 391–406.
| Biotechnology of solar saltfields.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kappas, I, Baxevanis, A. D., Maniatsi, S, and Abatzopoulos, T. J. (2009). Porous genomes and species integrity in the branchiopod Artemia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, 192–204.
| 19306934PubMed |
Kappas, I., Baxevanis, A. D., and Abatzopoulos, T. J. (2011). Phylogeographic patterns in Artemia: a model organism for hypersaline crustaceans. In ‘Phylogeography and Population Genetics in Crustacea’. (Eds S. Koenemann, C. Schubart, and C. Held.) pp. 233–255. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL.)
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., and Tamura, K. (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33, 1870–1874.
| MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for bigger datasets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27004904PubMed |
Le, T. H., Van Hoa, N., Sorgeloos, P., and Van Stappen, G. (2018). Artemia feeds: a review of brine shrimp production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Reviews in Aquaculture 1, 1–7.
| Artemia feeds: a review of brine shrimp production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lenz, P. H. (1987). Ecological studies on Artemia: a review. In ‘Artemia Research and its Applications. Vol. 3’. (Eds P. Sorgeloo, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir, and E. Jaspers.) pp. 5–18. (Universa Press: Wetteren.)
Li, D. R., Ye, H. L., Yang, J. S., Yang, F., Wang, M. R., De Vos, S., Vuylsteke, M, Sorgeloos, P, Van Stappen, G, Bossier, P, and Yang, W. J. (2017). Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer (Masc) gene involved in sex differentiation in Artemia. Gene 614, 56–64.
| Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer (Masc) gene involved in sex differentiation in Artemia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 28300613PubMed |
Librado, P., and Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics 25, 1451–1452.
| DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19346325PubMed |
Liu, J.-Y., and Zheng, M.-P. (1990). Geographic distribution of Artemia in Chinese interior salt lakes. Larviculture and Artemia Newsletter 17, 22–24.
Mabuchi, K., Senou, H., and Nishida, M. (2008). Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals cryptic large-scale invasion of nonnative genotypes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Japan. Molecular Ecology 17, 796–809.
| Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals cryptic large-scale invasion of nonnative genotypes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Japan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18194166PubMed |
Maccari, M., Amat, F., and Gómez, A. (2013). Origin and genetic diversity of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia in Eurasia. PLoS One 8, e83348.
| Origin and genetic diversity of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia in Eurasia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24376692PubMed |
Maniatsi, S, Baxevanis, A. D., Kappas, I, Deligiannidis, P, Triantafyllidis, A, Papakostas, S, Bougiouklis, D, and Abatzopoulos, T. J. (2011). Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 58, 353–364.
| 21145977PubMed |
McMaster, K., Savage, A., Finston, T., Johnson, M. S., and Knott, B. (2007). The recent spread of Artemia parthenogenetica in Western Australia. Hydrobiologia 576, 39–48.
| The recent spread of Artemia parthenogenetica in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W., and Schwartz, T. (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In ‘Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 14 Nov. 2010, New Orleans, LA’. pp. 1–8.
Montero-Pau, J., Gomez, A., and Munoz, J. (2008). Application of an inexpensive and high-throughput genomic DNA extraction method for the molecular ecology of zooplanktonic diapausing eggs. Limnology and Oceanography, Methods 6, 218–222.
| Application of an inexpensive and high-throughput genomic DNA extraction method for the molecular ecology of zooplanktonic diapausing eggs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Muñoz, J. (2009). Implicaciones de la dispersión actual e histórica para la biología evolutiva y conservación de Artemia y otros invertebrados acuáticos con estadio de diapausa. Universidad de Sevilla, Ph.D. thesis, Spain.
Muñoz, J., Gómez, A., Figuerola, J., Amat, F., Rico, C., and Green, A. J. (2014). Colonization and dispersal patterns of the invasive American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in the Mediterranean region. Hydrobiologia 726, 25–41.
| Colonization and dispersal patterns of the invasive American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) in the Mediterranean region.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mura, G., Kappas, I., Baxevanis, A. D., Moscatello, S., D’Amico, Q., Lopez, G. M., Hontoria, F., Amat, F., and Abatzopoulos, T. J. (2006). Morphological and molecular data reveal the presence of the invasive Artemia franciscana in Margherita di Savoia Salterns (Italy). International Review of Hydrobiology 91, 539–554.
| Morphological and molecular data reveal the presence of the invasive Artemia franciscana in Margherita di Savoia Salterns (Italy).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Naganawa, H., and Mura, G. (2017). Two new cryptic species of Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) from Mongolia and the possibility of invasion and disturbance by the aquaculture industry in East Asia. Crustaceana 90, 1679–1698.
| Two new cryptic species of Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) from Mongolia and the possibility of invasion and disturbance by the aquaculture industry in East Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nylander, J. A. A. (2004). MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
Pinder, A. M., Halse, S. A., Shiel, R. J., Cale, D. J., and McRae, J. M. (2002). Halophile aquatic invertebrates in the wheatbelt region of south-western Australia. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 28, 1687–1694.
Post, F. J., and Youssef, N. N. (1977). A prokaryotic intracellular symbiont of the Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.). Canadian Journal of Microbiology 23, 1232–1236.
| A prokaryotic intracellular symbiont of the Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 907919PubMed |
Rajabi, S., Ramazani, A., Hamidi, M., and Naji, T. (2015). Artemia salina as a model organism in toxicity assessment of nanoparticles. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 23, 20.
| 25888940PubMed |
Ruebhart, D. R., Cock, I. E., and Shaw, G. R. (2008). Invasive character of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) and its potential impact on Australian inland hypersaline waters. Marine and Freshwater Research 59, 587–595.
| Invasive character of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906 (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) and its potential impact on Australian inland hypersaline waters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Saji, A., Eimanifar, A., Soorae, P. S., Al Dhaheri, Sh., and Asem, A. (2019). Phylogenetic analysis of exotic invasive species of brine shrimp Artemia Leach, 1819 (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (UAE; Abu Dhabi). Crustacean 92, 495–503.
| Phylogenetic analysis of exotic invasive species of brine shrimp Artemia Leach, 1819 (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve (UAE; Abu Dhabi).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanchez, M. I., Paredes, I., Lebouvier, M., and Green, A. J. (2016). Functional role of native and invasive filter-feeders, and the effect of parasites: learning from hypersaline ecosystems. PLoS One 11, e0161478.
| Functional role of native and invasive filter-feeders, and the effect of parasites: learning from hypersaline ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27560978PubMed |
Scalone, R., and Rabet, N. (2013). Presence of Artemia franciscana (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in France: morphological, genetic, and biometric evidence. Aquatic Invasions 8, 67–76.
| Presence of Artemia franciscana (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) in France: morphological, genetic, and biometric evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sorgeloos, P., Dhert, P., and Candreva, P. (2001). Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200, 147–159.
| Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sun, Y., Zhong, Y.-C., Song, W.-Q., Zhang, R.-S., and Chen, R.-Y. (1999). Detection of genetic relationships among four Artemia species using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). International Journal of Salt Lake Research 8, 139–147.
| Detection of genetic relationships among four Artemia species using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Van Stappen, G. (2002). Zoogeography. In ‘Artemia: Basic and Applied Biology’. (Eds T. J. Abatzopoulos, J. A. Beardmore, J. S. Clegg, and P. Sorgeloos.) pp. 171–224. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, the Netherlands.)
Van Stappen, G. (2008). Artemia biodiversity in Central and Eastern Asia. Ph.D. Thesis, Ghent University, Belgium.
Van Stappen, G., Yu, H., Wang, X., Hoffman, S., Cooreman, K., Bossier, P., and Sorgeloos, P. (2007). Occurrence of allochthonous Artemia species in the Bohai Bay area, PR China, as confirmed by RFLP analysis and laboratory culture tests. Fundamental and Applied Limnology 170, 21–28.
| Occurrence of allochthonous Artemia species in the Bohai Bay area, PR China, as confirmed by RFLP analysis and laboratory culture tests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vanhaecke, P., Tackaert, W., and Sorgeloos, P. (1987). The biogeography of Artemia: an updated review. In ‘Artemia Research and its Applications. Vol. 1’. (Eds P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir, and E. Jaspers.) pp. 129–155. (Universa Press: Wetteren.)
Vázquez-Silva, G., Aguirre-Garrido, J. F., Ramirez-Saad, H. C., Mayorga-Reyes, L., Azaola-Espinosa, A., and Morales-Jiménez, J. (2017). Effect of bacterial probiotics bioencapsulated in Artemia franciscana on weight and length of the short fin silverside (Chirostoma humboldtianum) and the characterization of its intestinal bacterial community by DGGE. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 45, 1031–1043.
| Effect of bacterial probiotics bioencapsulated in Artemia franciscana on weight and length of the short fin silverside (Chirostoma humboldtianum) and the characterization of its intestinal bacterial community by DGGE.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Vikas, P. A., Sajeshkumar, N. K., Thomas, P. C., Chakraborty, K., and Vijayan, K. K. (2012). Aquaculture related invasion of the exotic Artemia franciscana and displacement of the autochthonous Artemia populations from the hypersaline habitats of India. Hydrobiologia 684, 129–142.
| Aquaculture related invasion of the exotic Artemia franciscana and displacement of the autochthonous Artemia populations from the hypersaline habitats of India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wang, W., Luo, Q., Guo, H., Bossier, P., Van Stappen, G., Sorgeloos, P., Xin, N., Sun, Q., Hu, S., and Yu, J. (2008). Phylogenetic analysis of brine shrimp (Artemia) in China using DNA barcoding. Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 6, 155–162.
| Phylogenetic analysis of brine shrimp (Artemia) in China using DNA barcoding.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
