Characterisation of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion in land crabs with special reference to Gecarcoidea natalis
Benjamin J. Allardyce A B and Stuart M. Linton A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic. 3216, Australia.
B Corresponding author. Email: ben.allardyce@deakin.edu.au
Australian Journal of Zoology 59(6) 380-391 https://doi.org/10.1071/ZO11054
Submitted: 29 July 2011 Accepted: 18 October 2011 Published: 20 March 2012
Abstract
This article reviews the current knowledge of cellulose and hemicellulose digestion by herbivorous land crabs using the gecarcinid Gecarcoidea natalis as a model species for this group. Cellulose digestion in the gecarcinids is hypothesised to require mechanical fragmentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. Mechanical fragmentation is achieved by the chelae, mandibles and gastric mill, which reduce the material to particles less than 53 µm. The gastric mill shows adaptations towards a plant diet; in particular, there are transverse ridges on the medial and lateral teeth and ventral cusps on the lateral teeth that complement and interlock to provide efficient cutting surfaces. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose is achieved through cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes. In the gecarcinids, 2–3 endo-β-1,4-glucanases, one β-glucohydrolase and a laminarinase have been identified. The endo-β-1,4-glucanases are multifunctional, with both endo-β-1,4-glucanase and lichenase activity. Complete cellulose hydrolysis is achieved through the synergistic action of the endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucohydrolase. The evidence for the endogenous production of the cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, their evolutionary origin and possible evolution in invertebrates as they colonised land is also discussed.
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