Hybridisation rates, population structure, and dispersal of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) in south-eastern Australia
Erin Hill
A B , Nicholas Murphy A C , Scarlett Li-Williams D , Christopher Davies E , David Forsyth F , Sebastien Comte F , Lee Ann Rollins D , Fiona Hogan G , Faye Wedrowicz G , Troy Crittle H , Elaine Thomas I , Luke Woodford J and Carlo Pacioni J K *
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
B CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
C La Trobe University, Research Centre for Future Landscapes, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
D The University of New South Wales, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
E Parks Victoria, 65 Church Street, Morwell, Vic. 3840, Australia.
F Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
G Federation University Australia, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Churchill, Vic., Australia.
H NSW Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia.
I Parks Victoria, Kiewa Valley Highway, Mount Beauty, Vic. 3699, Australia.
J Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
K Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
Wildlife Research 50(9) 669-687 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR22129
Submitted: 15 July 2022 Accepted: 23 February 2023 Published: 6 July 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Introduced populations of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) and rusa deer (Cervus timorensis) are present across south-eastern Australia and are subject to local population control to alleviate their negative impacts. For management to be effective, identification of dispersal capability and management units is necessary. These species also readily hybridise, so additional investigation of hybridisation rates across their distributions is necessary to understand the interactions between the two species.
Aims: Measure the hybridisation rate of sambar and rusa deer, assess broad-scale population structure present within both species and identify distinct management units for future population control, and measure the likely dispersal capability of both species.
Methods: In total, 198 sambar deer, 189 rusa deer, and three suspected hybrid samples were collected across Victoria and New South Wales (NSW). After sequencing and filtering, 14 099 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were retained for analysis. Hybridisation rates were assessed before the data were split by species to identify population structure, diversity indices, and dispersal distances.
Key results: Across the entire dataset, 17 hybrids were detected. Broad-scale population structure was evident in sambar deer, but not among the sites where rusa deer were sampled. Analysis of dispersal ability showed that a majority of deer movement occurred within 20 km in both species, suggesting limited dispersal.
Conclusions: Distinct management units of sambar deer can be identified from the dataset, allowing independent population control. Although broad-scale population structure was not evident in the rusa deer populations, dispersal limits identified suggest that rusa deer sites sampled in this study could be managed separately. Sambar × rusa deer hybrids are present in both Victoria and NSW and can be difficult to detect on the basis of morphology alone.
Implications: Genetic analysis can identify broad-scale management units necessary for population control, and estimates of dispersal capability can assist in delineating management units where broad-scale population structure may not be apparent. The negative impacts associated with hybridisation require further investigation to determine whether removal of hybrids should be considered a priority management aim.
Keywords: connectivity, dispersal, hybridisation, invasive species, management units, non-native deer, pest species, wildlife management.
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