Seasonal and daily activity of non-native sambar deer in and around high-elevation peatlands, south-eastern Australia
Sebastien Comte
A * , Elaine Thomas B , Andrew J. Bengsen A , Ami Bennett C , Naomi E. Davis C D , Sean Freney A G , Stephen M. Jackson A H , Matt White E , David M. Forsyth A and Daniel Brown F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
B Parks Victoria, Mt Beauty, Vic. 3699, Australia.
C School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 3010, Australia.
D Parks Victoria, 535 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia.
E Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia.
F Parks Victoria, Bright, Vic. 3741, Australia.
G Present address: North Coast Local Land Services, 24–26 Mulgi Drive, South Grafton, NSW 2460, Australia.
H Present address: Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
Wildlife Research 49(7) 659-672 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR21147
Submitted: 15 October 2021 Accepted: 7 March 2022 Published: 26 May 2022
© 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
Context: Of the six species of non-native deer present in Australia, the sambar deer is the largest and has been identified as a major threat to high-elevation peatlands in south-eastern Australia. However, little is known about sambar deer activity in high-elevation peatlands.
Aims: The aims of this study were to quantify sambar deer activity (including wallowing) seasonally and daily in response to biotic and abiotic variables, and how activity was impacted by ground-based shooting.
Methods: To estimate sambar deer activity, camera traps were continuously deployed for 4 years in two ~4300-ha areas in Alpine National Park, Victoria, south-eastern Australia. One area was subject to management operations using ground-based shooting to target deer and the other was not. Monthly activity of sambar deer was modelled using biotic (woody vegetation cover), abiotic (snow depth, aspect, slope, distance to water, road and peatland) and management (treatment versus non-treatment) covariates. Additional camera traps were deployed to monitor sambar deer activity at wallows.
Key results: Sambar deer activity decreased when snow depth increased (between July and September), and was highest in easterly and northerly aspects with dense woody vegetation close to high-elevation peatlands and roads. During our 4-year study, sambar deer activity decreased in the treatment area but increased in the non-treatment area. Sambar deer exhibited a crepuscular diel cycle, with greatest activity around sunset. Only male sambar deer were observed to wallow, with most wallowing occurring in the afternoon during October–June.
Conclusions: Sambar deer utilised high-elevation peatlands during October–June. Daily activity was crepuscular and was greatest in dense tree cover close to roads. Ground-based shooting reduced sambar deer activity in and around high-elevation peatlands.
Implications: Control operations targeting sambar deer at high elevations in south-eastern Australia should be conducted during October–June. Outside this period sambar deer appear to use lower-elevation habitats. The effectiveness of ground-based shooting could be improved by focusing this control action around sunset (when sambar deer are most active) and in places with dense vegetation close to roads and high-elevation peatlands.
Keywords: Alpine National Park, biological invasions, camera trap, Cervus unicolor, diel cycle, invasive species, population dynamics, ungulates, wallowing.
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