Heads in the sand: public health and ecological risks of lead-based bullets for wildlife shooting in Australia
Jordan O. Hampton A B G , Mark Laidlaw C , Eric Buenz D and Jon M. Arnemo E F
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Ecotone Wildlife Veterinary Services, PO Box 76, Inverloch, Vic. 3996, Australia.
B Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA. 6150, Australia.
C RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia.
D Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology, 322 Hardy Street, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
E Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway.
F Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-90183, Umeå, Sweden.
G Corresponding author. Email: j.hampton@ecotonewildlife.com
Wildlife Research 45(4) 287-306 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR17180
Submitted: 9 December 2017 Accepted: 30 March 2018 Published: 11 July 2018
Journal compilation © CSIRO 2018 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic element banned from fuel, paint and many other products in most developed countries. Nonetheless, it is still widely used in ammunition, including rifle bullets, and Pb-based bullets are almost universally used in Australia. For decades, poisoning from Pb shot (shotguns) has been recognised as a cause of disease in waterfowl and Pb shot has been subsequently banned for waterfowl hunting in many jurisdictions. However, the risks posed by Pb-based bullets (rifles) have not been similarly recognised in Australia. Pb-based rifle bullets frequently fragment, contaminating the tissue of shot animals. Consuming this Pb-contaminated tissue risks harmful Pb exposure and, thus, the health of wildlife scavengers (carrion eaters) and humans and their companion animals who consume harvested meat (game eaters). In Europe, North America and elsewhere, the environmental and human health risks of Pb-based bullets are widely recognised, and non-toxic alternatives (e.g. copper-based bullets) are increasingly being used. However, Australia has no comparable research despite widespread use of shooting, common scavenging by potentially susceptible wildlife species, and people regularly consuming shot meat. We conclude that Australia has its collective ‘head in the sand’ on this pressing worldwide One Health issue. We present the need for urgent research into this field in Australia.
Additional keywords: ecosystem health, human dimensions, pest control, pest management, population control, toxicology.
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