Evaluating patterns of human–reptile conflicts in an urban environment
Camila Palhares Teixeira A C , Luiza Passos B , Vinicius D. L. R. Goulart B , Andre Hirsch C D , Marcos Rodrigues E and Robert J. Young C F G
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A University Centre of Sete Lagoas, UNIFEMM, Avenue Marechal Castelo Branco, 2765, CEP 35701-242, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
B CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF 70040-020, Brazil.
C Conservation, Ecology and Animal Behaviour Group, Prédio 41, Mestrado em Zoologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Avenue Dom Jose Gaspar, 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
D Institutional Program of Bioengineering, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rey/Campus Sete Lagoas, Road MG-424, km 47, 35701-970, Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
E Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenue Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
F School of Environment and Life Sciences, Peel Building, University of Salford Manchester, Salford, M5 4WT, UK.
G Corresponding author. Email: r.j.young@salford.ac.uk
Wildlife Research 42(7) 570-578 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR15143
Submitted: 29 July 2014 Accepted: 2 November 2015 Published: 4 January 2016
Abstract
Context: Reptiles, especially snakes, can cause a fear reaction in the public and are, therefore, a good model to examine human–wildlife conflicts. Human city dwellers often respond to the presence of snakes or other reptiles by calling out the responsible agency for animal control, which has to mediate the situation.
Aims: To determine how the temporal and spatial occurrence of human–reptile conflicts were associated with environmental conditions and socio-economic factors in a large Brazilian city (Belo Horizonte).
Methods: The callout reports of the Environmental Police of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, over a 7-year period from 2002 to 2008 to mediate reptile conflicts were analysed. Densities of callouts were determined by kernel-density estimator and matched with the vegetation cover and land use, to determine how the environment affected reptile callout distribution. The study area was divided into nine regions with different socio-economic and demographic characteristics to evaluate the possible effects of human factors in the conflict.
Key results: Reptile callouts were almost exclusively about snakes or freshwater turtles, despite a large population of wild lizards. In general, the difference in callout distribution of snakes and freshwater turtles was the result of different attitudes from city dwellers on the basis of socio-economic characteristics. Snakes were less frequent as urbanisation increased, whereas freshwater turtles were associated with water or open areas. Significantly, more conflicts occurred during the rainy season. People in areas of high per capita income used the Environmental Police as mediators more often than did those in poorer areas, but callouts were not related to human population density.
Conclusions: Habitat type and climate were significantly predictive of human–reptile conflicts. Human populations with higher salaries and education levels tended to resolve their conflicts with reptiles using official mediators whether the reptile was venomous or not.
Implications: The environmental and climatic data show that it is possible to predict when and where human–reptile conflicts are most likely. Thus, official mediators can use this information for targeted education programs. Such education programs should emphasise, at all levels of society, how to deal with such conflicts sensibly, so as to ensure the best outcomes for people and reptiles.
References
Alberti, M. (2005). The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function. International Regional Science Review 28, 168–192.| The effects of urban patterns on ecosystem function.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andersson, G., Waara, J., Jonsson, U., Malmaeus, F., Carlbring, P., and Öst, L. (2013). Internet-based exposure treatment versus one-session exposure treatment of snake phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 42, 284–291.
| Internet-based exposure treatment versus one-session exposure treatment of snake phobia: a randomized controlled trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24245707PubMed |
Andrews, K. M., and Gibbons, J. W. (2005). How do highways influence snake movement? Behavioral responses to roads and vehicles. Copeia 2005, 772–782.
| How do highways influence snake movement? Behavioral responses to roads and vehicles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andrews, K. M., Gibbons, J. W., and Jochimsen, D. M. (2008). Ecological effects of roads on amphibians and reptiles: a literature review. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 529–534. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
Angold, P. G., Sadler, J. P., Hill, M. O., Pullin, A., Rushton, S., Austin, K., Small, E., Wood, B., Wadsworth, R., Sanderson, R., and Thompson, K. (2006). Biodiversity in urban habitat patches. The Science of the Total Environment 360, 196–204.
| Biodiversity in urban habitat patches.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjvFClsr8%3D&md5=d16b41185e9e8bbceb415f1af24cfe84CAS | 16297440PubMed |
Arvy, C., and Servan, J. (1998). Imminent competition between Trachemys scripta and Emys orbicularis in France. Mertensiella 10, 33–40.
Assis, L. C. (2008). Uso de informações contextuais no processo de classificação de imagens do sensoriamento remoto. Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil. Available at http://www.dominiopublico.gov.br/pesquisa/. [Accessed 19 June 2015] [In Portuguese]
Ayres, M., Ayres, M.J., Ayres, D.L., and Santos, S.A. (2000). ‘Bioestat 2.0: Aplicações Estatísticas nas Áreas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas.’ (Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, CNPq: Brasília, Brazil.) [In Portuguese]
Beebee, T. J. C., and Griffiths, R. A. (2005). The amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology? Biological Conservation 125, 271–285.
| The amphibian decline crisis: a watershed for conservation biology?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bérnils, R. S., Giraudo, A. R., Carreira, S., and Cechin, S. Z. (2007). Répteis das porções subtropical e temperada da região neotropical. Ciência e Ambiente 35, 101–136.
Berry, B. J. L. (1990). Urbanization. In ‘The Earth as Transformed by Human Action Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years’. (Eds B. L. I. Tuner, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards and J. T. Marhews.) pp. 103–119. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Ceríaco, L. M. (2012). Human attitudes towards herpetofauna: the influence of folklore and negative values on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Portugal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8, 8.
| Human attitudes towards herpetofauna: the influence of folklore and negative values on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Portugal.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 22316318PubMed |
CGIAR–CSI (2004). ‘SRTM 90m Digital Elevation Data (Version 1).’ NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission. Available from http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org/. [Accessed 1 May 2007]
Coelho, C. M., Melo, L. F. B., Sábato, M. A. L., Magni, E. M. V., Hirsch, A., and Young, R. J. (2008). Habitat use by wild maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in a transition zone environment. Journal of Mammalogy 89, 97–104.
| Habitat use by wild maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) in a transition zone environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Collins, J. P., and Storfer, A. (2003). Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses. Diversity & Distributions 9, 89–98.
| Global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cook, R. P. (2008). Potential and limitations of herpetofaunal restoration in an urban landscape. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 465–478. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
Daniels, C. B., and Roetman, P. E. J. (2014). Urban wildlife. In ‘Australia Environmental Planning: Challenges and Future Prospects’. (Eds. J. Byrne, N. Sipe and J. Dodson.) pp. 118–130. (Routledge Press: London.)
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., and Hyatt, A. D. (2000). Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife–threats to biodiversity and human health. Science 287, 443–449.
| Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife–threats to biodiversity and human health.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntl2jtw%3D%3D&md5=716f99b16fd6a6d0fd8198fe3c30c296CAS | 10642539PubMed |
De Roa, E., and Roig, J. M. (1997). Puesta en habitat natural de la Tortuga de Florida (Trachemys scripta elegans) en España. Boletín de La Asociación Herpetológica Española 8, 48–50.
Eastman, J. R. (2006). ‘Idrisi Andes Tutorial.’ (Clark University: Worcester, UK.) Available from http://www.idrisi.clarku.edu. [Accessed 4 April 2009]
ERDAS (1997). ‘ERDAS IMAGINE® v. 8.4. Field Guide.’ 4th edn. (ERDAS: Atlanta, GA.) Available at http://www.erdas.com. [Accessed 1 April 2009]
ESRI (1997). ‘ArcInfo v. 7.1.1.’ (Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA.) Available at http://www.esri.com/data/index.html. [Accessed 4 April 2009]
Evans, K. L. (2010). Individual species and urbanization. In ‘Urban Ecology’. (Ed. K. J. Gaston.) pp. 53–87. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.)
Ferri, V., and Soccini, C. (2008). Management of abandoned North American pond turtles (Trachemys scripta) in Italy. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 529–534. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
Gasith, A., and Sidis, I. (1984). Polluted water bodies, the main habitat of the Caspian terrapin (Mauremys caspica rivulata) in Israel. Copeia 1984, 216–219.
| Polluted water bodies, the main habitat of the Caspian terrapin (Mauremys caspica rivulata) in Israel.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
GeoMinas (2001). ‘Programa Integrado de Uso da Tecnologia de Geoprocessamento Pelos Órgãos do Estado de Minas Gerais: Dados Sobre Minas.’ (GeoMinas: Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.). Available at http://www.geominas.mg.gov.br/catini.htm. [Accessed 4 April 2009] [In Portuguese]
Gibbons, J. W., Scott, D. E., and Ryan, T. J. (2000). The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians. Bioscience 50, 653–666.
| The global decline of reptiles, déjà vu amphibians.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Google (2009). ‘Google Earth Internet Map Server.’ (Google Earth Inc.) Available at http://earth.google.com/intl/en/userguide/v5/. [Accessed 1 January 2009]
Goulart, V. D. L. R., Teixeira, C. P., and Young, R. J. (2010). Analysis of callouts made relative to wild urban marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) and their implications for urban species management. European Journal of Wildlife Research 56, 641–649.
| Analysis of callouts made relative to wild urban marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) and their implications for urban species management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamer, A. J., and McDonnell, M. J. (2008). Amphibian ecology and conservation in the urbanising world: a review. Biological Conservation 141, 2432–2449.
| Amphibian ecology and conservation in the urbanising world: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamer, A. J., and McDonnell, M. J. (2010). The response of herpetofauna to urbanization: inferring patterns of persistence from wildlife databases. Austral Ecology 35, 568–580.
| The response of herpetofauna to urbanization: inferring patterns of persistence from wildlife databases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hirsch, A. (2003). Habitat fragmentation and priority areas for primate conservation in the Rio Doce Basin, Minas Gerais. Neotropical Primates 11, 195–196.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2003). ‘Base Cartográfica Integrada do Brasil ao Milionésimo Digital – bCIMd. Versão 1.0.’ Available at http://www2.ibge.gov.br/pub/Cartas_e_Mapas/. [Accessed 1 April 2009] [In Portuguese]
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (2010). ‘Censo Demográfico 2010.’ Available at http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/. [Accessed 1 November 2011]
Kettunen, M., and ten Brink, P. (2006). Value of biodiversity: documenting EU examples where biodiversity loss has led to the loss of ecosystem services. Final report for the European commission. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), Brussels, Belgium.
Kjoss, K. A., and Litvaitis, J. A. (2001). Community structure of snakes in a human-dominated landscape. Biological Conservation 98, 285–292.
| Community structure of snakes in a human-dominated landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Klink, C. A., and Moreira, A. G. (2002). Past and current human occupation and land-use. In ‘The Cerrado of Brazil. Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna’. (Eds P. S. Oliveira and R. J. Marquis.) pp. 69–88. (Columbia University Press: New York.)
Knight, A. J. (2008). Bats, snakes and spiders, Oh my!’ How aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and other concepts predict support for species protection. Journal of Environmental Psychology 28, 94–103.
| Bats, snakes and spiders, Oh my!’ How aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and other concepts predict support for species protection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kolodinsky, J., and Aleong, J. (1990). An integrated model of consumer complaint action applied to services: a pilot study. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction, and Complaining Behavior 3, 61–70.
Kretser, H. E., Sullivan, P. J., and Knuth, B. A. (2008). Housing density as an indicator of spatial patterns of reported human–wildlife interactions in northern New York. Landscape and Urban Planning 84, 282–292.
| Housing density as an indicator of spatial patterns of reported human–wildlife interactions in northern New York.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Krupart, E. (1985). ‘People in Cities: the Urban Environment and its Effects.’ (Cambridge University Press: New York.)
Landau, E. C., Hirsch, A., and Musinsky, J. (2008). Vegetation cover and land use in the Atlantic coastal forest of southern Bahia, Brazil, based on satellite imagery: a comparison among municipalities. In ‘The Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil’. (Ed. W. W. Thomas.) pp. 221–244. (The New York Botanical Garden: New York.)
Lortie, C. J., Ellis, E., Novoplansky, A., and Turkington, R. (2005). Implications of spatial pattern and local density on community-level interactions. Oikos 109, 495–502.
| Implications of spatial pattern and local density on community-level interactions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Luniak, M., and Pisarski, B. (1994). State of research into the fauna of Warsaw (up to 1990). Memorabilia Zoologica 49, 155–165.
Maestre, F. T., Escudero, A., Martinez, I., Guerrero, C., and Rubio, A. (2005). Does spatial pattern matter to ecosystem functioning? Insights from biological soil crusts. Functional Ecology 19, 566–573.
| Does spatial pattern matter to ecosystem functioning? Insights from biological soil crusts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marzluff, J. M., Bowman, R., and Donnelly, R. (2001). ‘Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World.’ (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Norwell, MA.)
Masin, S., Bonardi, A., Padoa-Schioppa, E., Bottoni, L., and Ficetola, G. F. (2014). Risk of invasion by frequently traded freshwater turtles. Biological Invasions 16, 217–231.
| Risk of invasion by frequently traded freshwater turtles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonnell, M. J., and Pickett, S. T. A. (1990). Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology. Ecology 71, 1232–1237.
| Ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonnell, M. J., Pickett, S. T. A., Groffman, P., Bohlen, P., Pouyat, R. V., Zipperer, W. C., Parmelee, R. W., Carreiro, M. M., and Medley, K. (1997). Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems 1, 21–36.
| Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. Bioscience 52, 883–890.
| Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney, M. L. (2005). Species introduction from nearby sources have a more homogenizing effect than species from distant sources: evidence from plants and fishes in the USA. Diversity & Distributions 11, 367–374.
| Species introduction from nearby sources have a more homogenizing effect than species from distant sources: evidence from plants and fishes in the USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems 11, 161–176.
| Effects of urbanization on species richness: a review of plants and animals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mitchell, J. C., and Brown, R. E. J. (2008). Urban herpetology: global overview, synthesis, and future directions. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 1–30. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
Mittermeier, R. A., Myers, N., Gil, P. R., and Mittermeier, C. G. (1999). ‘Hotspots: Earth’s Biologically Richest and most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions.’ (Cemex, Conservation International and Agrupación Sierra Madre: Monterrey, Mexico.)
Moll, D. (1980). Dirty river turtles. Natural History 89, 42–49.
Moll, D., and Moll, E. O. (2004). ‘The Ecology, Exploitation, and Conservation of River Turtles.’ (Oxford University Press: New York.)
Morellato, L. P. C., and Haddad, C. F. (2000). Introduction: the Brazilian Atlantic forest 1. Biotropica 32, 786–792.
| Introduction: the Brazilian Atlantic forest 1.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Municipality of Belo Horizonte (1992). ‘Lei Ordinária N° 6112/1992 de Belo Horizonte.’ (Diário Oficial do Município (DOM): Belo Horizonte, Brazil.) Available at http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/legislacao-de-belo-horizonte/1138885/lei-consolidada-6112-1992-belo-horizonte-mg.html. [Accessed 1 April 2009] [In Portuguese]
Niemelä, J. (1999). Ecology and urban planning. Biodiversity and Conservation 8, 119–131.
| Ecology and urban planning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oliveira, P. S., and Marquis, R. J. (Eds) (2002). ‘The Cerrados of Brazil. Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna.’ (Columbia University Press: New York.)
Pedro, V. A., and Pires, M. R. S. (2009). As serpentes da Região de Ouro Branco, extremo sul da cadeia do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais. Ceres 56, 166–171.
Perry, G., Buchanan, B. W., Fisher, R. N., Salomon, M., and Wise, S. E. (2008). Effects of artificial night lighting on amphibians and reptiles in urban environments. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 239–256. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Zipperer, W. C., and Costanza, R. (2001). Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32, 127–157.
| Urban ecological systems: linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., and Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning 69, 369–384.
| Resilient cities: meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Plummer, M. V., and Mills, N. E. (2008). Structure of an urban population of softshell turtles (Apalone spinifera) before and after severe stream alteration. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 1–30. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
PMBH (2003). ‘D. Anuário Estatístico de Belo Horizonte 2003.’ Available at http://www.pbh.gov.br/smpl/PUB_P011/ANUARIO%202003_. [Accessed 20 October 2006] [In Portuguese]
Powell, R. A. (2000). Animal home ranges and territories and home range estimators. In ‘Animal Ecology: Controversies and Consequences’. (Eds L. Boitani and T. K. Fuller.) pp. 65–110. (Columbia University: New York.)
Prévot-Julliard, A. C., Gousset, E., Archinard, C., Cadi, A., and Girondot, M. (2007). Pets and invasion risks: is the slider turtle strictly carnivorous? Amphibia-Reptilia 28, 139–143.
| Pets and invasion risks: is the slider turtle strictly carnivorous?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Prokop, P., Özel, M., and Uşak, M. (2009). Cross-cultural comparison of student attitudes toward snakes. Society & Animals 17, 224–240.
| Cross-cultural comparison of student attitudes toward snakes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rebele, F. (1994). Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 4, 173–187.
| Urban ecology and special features of urban ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ryan, T. J., Peterman, W. E., Stephen, J. D., and Sterret, S. C. (2013). Movement and habitat use of the snapping turtle in an urban landscape. Urban Ecosystems 7, 613–623.
Santos, M., Cruz C.S., Alves F.L., Metelo I., Bogalho V., and Pereira H.M. (2012). ‘Biodiversidade na Cidade de Lisboa: uma Estratégia para 2020. Documento Técnico.’,Camara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisboa. [In Portuguese]
Semlitsch, R. D., and Bodie, J. R. (2003). Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles. Conservation Biology 17, 1219–1228.
| Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Servan, J., and Arvy, C. (1997). The introduction of Trachemys scripta in France: a new competitor for the European pond turtle. Bulletin Francais de la Peche et de la Pisciculture 344/345, 173–177.
| The introduction of Trachemys scripta in France: a new competitor for the European pond turtle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Shochat, E., Warren, P. S., Faeth, S. H., McIntyre, N. E., and Hope, D. (2006). From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 186–191.
| From patterns to emerging processes in mechanistic urban ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Smith, G. C. (2006). Persistence of disease in territorial animals: insights from spatial models of bovine tuberculosis. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 30, 35–41.
Soccini, C., and Ferri, V. (2004). Bacteriological screening of Trachemys scripta elegans and Emys orbicularis in the Po plain (Italy). Biologia 14, 201–207.
Souza, C. S., Teixeira, C. P., and Young, R. J. (2012). The welfare of an unwanted guest in an urban environment: the case of the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris). Animal Welfare (South Mimms, England) 21, 177–183.
| The welfare of an unwanted guest in an urban environment: the case of the white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xnt1Gmurk%3D&md5=c227b699ab7224116b77583fd5f07cc5CAS |
Tabarelli, M., Pinto, L. P., Silva, J. M. C., Hirota, M., and Bedê, L. (2005). Challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Conservation Biology 19, 695–700.
| Challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teixeira, C. P., Hirsch, A., Perini, H., and Young, R. J. (2006). Marsupials from space: fluctuating asymmetry, geographical information systems and animal conservation. Proceedings. Biological Sciences 273, 1007–1012.
| Marsupials from space: fluctuating asymmetry, geographical information systems and animal conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teixeira, B., Hirsch, A., Goulart, V. D. L. R., Passos, L. F., Teixeira, C. P., James, P., and Young, R. J. (2015). Good neighbours: distribution of the black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment. Wildlife Research , .
| Good neighbours: distribution of the black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Telecky, T. M. (2001). United States import and export of live turtles and tortoises. Turtle and Tortoise Newsletter 4, 8–13.
UNDP (1990). Human development report 1990. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.
United Nations (2008). ‘World Urbanization Prospects. The 2007 Revision.’ (United Nations: New York.)
United Nations Population Fund (2007). ‘State of the World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth.’ (United Nations Population Fund: New York.)
Vignoli, L., Mocaer, I., Luiselli, L., and Bologna, M. A. (2009). Can a large metropolis sustain complex herpetofauna communities? An analysis of the suitability of green space fragments in Rome. Animal Conservation 12, 456–466.
| Can a large metropolis sustain complex herpetofauna communities? An analysis of the suitability of green space fragments in Rome.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wimberger, K., and Downs, C. T. (2010). Annual intake trends of a large urban animal rehabilitation centre in South Africa: a case study. Animal Welfare 19, 501–513.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVSqsL3J&md5=01ed00aa1a2daea9eea319305509c148CAS |
Worton, B. J. (1989). Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies. Ecology 70, 164–168.
| Kernel methods for estimating the utilization distribution in home-range studies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zappalorti, R. T., and Mitchell, J. C. (2008). Snake use of urban habitat in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. In ‘Urban Herpetology’. (Eds J. C. Mitchell, R. E. J. Brown and B. Bartholomew.) pp. 355–359. (Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: Salt Lake City, UT.)
