Podzolisation affects the spatial allocation and chemical composition of soil organic matter fractions
Agnes Krettek
A B , Ludger Herrmann A and Thilo Rennert A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Soil Chemistry and Pedology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart.
B Corresponding author. Email: agnes.krettek@uni-hohenheim.de.
Soil Research 58(8) 713-725 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR20164
Submitted: 10 June 2020 Accepted: 11 August 2020 Published: 25 September 2020
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2020 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Podzols are soils that display a unique vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM). We hypothesise that podzolisation, as a pedogenetic process, influences or even controls content, allocation and quality of SOM. We determined soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) contents in six SOM fractions obtained from mineral horizons of five soils with increasing degree of podzolisation: sand and stable aggregates (S + A), particulate organic matter (POM) > 63 µm and <63 µm, silt and clay (s + c), resistant SOC and dissolved organic matter. We applied infrared spectroscopy to evaluate SOM decomposition state, relative abundance of functional groups and SOM-metal complexation. In topsoil horizons, relative SOC allocation shifted from the larger to the smaller size POM fraction with increasing podzolisation. Accompanied with size reduction, the POM < 63 µm fraction was progressively less decomposed, as derived from infrared spectroscopy and C : N ratios. In illuvial subsoils, the proportion of SOC in the S + A fraction increased with increasing podzolisation, implying SOM accumulation in aggregates and coatings on sand grains. Elevated abundance of carboxylate and aromatic C in the s + c fractions of subsoil horizons indicated their preferred sorption. Additionally, metal-carboxyl complexation increased during podzolisation.
Additional keywords: fractionation, infrared techniques, Podzols.
References
Anderson HA, Berrow ML, Farmer VC, Hepburn A, Russell JD, Walker AD (1982) A reassessment of Podzol formation processes. Journal of Soil Science 33, 125–136.| A reassessment of Podzol formation processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Berggren D, Mulder J (1995) The role of organic matter in controlling aluminum solubility in acidic mineral soil horizons. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 4167–4180.
| The role of organic matter in controlling aluminum solubility in acidic mineral soil horizons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Blaser P, Kernbeek P, Tebbens L, Van Breemen N, Luster J (1997) Cryptopodzolic soils in Switzerland. European Journal of Soil Science 48, 411–423.
| Cryptopodzolic soils in Switzerland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bloomfield C (1953) A study of podzolization. Part I. The mobilization of iron and aluminium by scots pine needles. Journal of Soil Science 4, 5–16.
| A study of podzolization. Part I. The mobilization of iron and aluminium by scots pine needles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Browne BA (1995) Toward a new theory of podzolization. In ‘Carbon forms and functions in forest soils’. (Eds WW McFee, JM Kelly) pp. 253–273. (Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA)
Buurman P, Jongmans AG (2002) Podzolization – an additional paradigm. Edafologia 9, 107–114.
Buurman P, Jongmans AG (2005) Podzolisation and soil organic matter dynamics. Geoderma 125, 71–83.
| Podzolisation and soil organic matter dynamics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buurman P, van Bergen PF, Jongmans AG, Meijer EL, Duran B, Van Lagen B (2005) Spatial and temporal variation in Podzol organic matter studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and micromorphology. European Journal of Soil Science 56, 253–270.
| Spatial and temporal variation in Podzol organic matter studied by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and micromorphology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Castanha C, Tumbore S, Amundson R (2008) Methods of separating soil carbon pools affect the chemistry and turnover time of isolated fractions. Radiocarbon 50, 83–97.
| Methods of separating soil carbon pools affect the chemistry and turnover time of isolated fractions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cornelis JT, Weis D, Lavkulich L, Vermeire ML, Delvaux B, Barling J (2014) Silicon isotopes record dissolution and re-precipitation of pedogenic clay minerals in a podzolic soil chronosequence. Geoderma 235–236, 19–29.
| Silicon isotopes record dissolution and re-precipitation of pedogenic clay minerals in a podzolic soil chronosequence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cornelis JT, Delvaux B, Van Ranst E, Rouxhet PG (2018) Sub-micrometer distribution of Fe oxides and organic matter in Podzol horizons. Geoderma 323, 126–135.
| Sub-micrometer distribution of Fe oxides and organic matter in Podzol horizons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crow SE, Swanston CW, Lajtha K, Brooks JR, Keirstead H (2007) Density fractionation of forest soils: Methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context. Biogeochemistry 85, 69–90.
| Density fractionation of forest soils: Methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dick DP, Santos JHZ, Ferranti EM (2003) Chemical characterization and infrared spectroscopy of soil organic matter from two southern Brazilian soils. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 27, 29–39.
| Chemical characterization and infrared spectroscopy of soil organic matter from two southern Brazilian soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dickhof A, Hornig G, Hozman P, Milbert G (2006) Bodenkarte zur Standorterkundung: Verfahren Wassenberg / Wegberg (Forst), Erläuterungen, Geologischer Dienst Nordrhein-Westfalen, Krefeld.
do Nascimento NR, Bueno GT, Fritsch E, Herbillon AJ, Allard T, Melfi AJ, Astolfo R, Boucher H, Li Y (2004) Podzolisation as a deferralitization process: a study of Acrisol-Podzol sequence derived from Palaeozoic sandstones in the northern upper Amazon basin. European Journal of Soil Science 55, 523–538.
| Podzolisation as a deferralitization process: a study of Acrisol-Podzol sequence derived from Palaeozoic sandstones in the northern upper Amazon basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eger A, Hewitt A (2008) Soils and their relationship to aspect and vegetation history in the Eastern Southern Alps, Canterbury High Country, South Island, New Zealand. Catena 75, 297–307.
| Soils and their relationship to aspect and vegetation history in the Eastern Southern Alps, Canterbury High Country, South Island, New Zealand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Egli M, Fitze P, Mirabella A (2001) Weathering and evolution of soils formed on granitic, glacial deposits: Results from chronosequences of Swiss alpine environments. Catena 45, 19–47.
| Weathering and evolution of soils formed on granitic, glacial deposits: Results from chronosequences of Swiss alpine environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eusterhues K, Rumpel C, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I (2003) Stabilisation of soil organic matter by interactions with minerals as revealed by mineral dissolution and oxidative degradation. Organic Geochemistry 34, 1591–1600.
| Stabilisation of soil organic matter by interactions with minerals as revealed by mineral dissolution and oxidative degradation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eusterhues K, Rumpel C, Kögel-Knabner I (2007) Composition and radiocarbon age of HF-resistant soil organic matter in a Podzol and a Cambisol. Organic Geochemistry 38, 1356–1372.
| Composition and radiocarbon age of HF-resistant soil organic matter in a Podzol and a Cambisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
FAO (2006) Guidelines for soil description, 4th edition. (FAO: Rome)
Farmer VC (1982) Significance of the presence of allophane and imogolite in Podzol Bs horizons for podzolization mechanisms: a review. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 28, 571–578.
| Significance of the presence of allophane and imogolite in Podzol Bs horizons for podzolization mechanisms: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ferro-Vázquez C, Nóvoa-Muñoz JC, Costa-Casais M, Klaminder J, Martínez-Cortizas A (2014) Metal and organic matter immobilization in temperate Podzols: a high resolution study. Geoderma 217–218, 225–234.
| Metal and organic matter immobilization in temperate Podzols: a high resolution study.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fitze PF (1982) Zur Relativdatierung von Moränen aus der Sicht der Bodenentwicklung in den kristallinen Zentralalpen. Catena 9, 265–306.
| Zur Relativdatierung von Moränen aus der Sicht der Bodenentwicklung in den kristallinen Zentralalpen.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Golchin A, Oades JM, Skjemstad JO, Clarke P (1994) Study of free and occluded particulate organic matter in soils by solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 285–309.
| Study of free and occluded particulate organic matter in soils by solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gu B, Schmitt J, Chen Z, Liang L, McCarthy JF (1994) Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: mechanisms and models. Environmental Science & Technology 28, 38–46.
| Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: mechanisms and models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guggenberger G, Zech W (1993) Dissolved organic carbon control in acid forest soils of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany) as revealed by distribution patterns and structural composition analyses. Geoderma 59, 109–129.
| Dissolved organic carbon control in acid forest soils of the Fichtelgebirge (Germany) as revealed by distribution patterns and structural composition analyses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guggenberger G, Zech W, Haumaier L, Christensen B (1995) Land-use effects on the composition of organic matter in particle-size fractions of soil: II. CPMAS and solution 13C NMR analysis. European Journal of Soil Science 46, 147–158.
| Land-use effects on the composition of organic matter in particle-size fractions of soil: II. CPMAS and solution 13C NMR analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gustafsson JP, Bhattacharya P, Bain DC, Fraser AR, McHardy WJ (1995) Podzolisation mechanisms and the synthesis of imogolite in northern Scandinavia. Geoderma 66, 167–184.
| Podzolisation mechanisms and the synthesis of imogolite in northern Scandinavia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higashi T, De Coninck F, Gelaude F (1981) Characterization of some spodic horizons of the Campine (Belgium) with dithionite-citrate, pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide-tetraborate. Geoderma 25, 131–142.
| Characterization of some spodic horizons of the Campine (Belgium) with dithionite-citrate, pyrophosphate and sodium hydroxide-tetraborate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hongve D, Van Hees PAW, Lundström US (2000) Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter. European Journal of Soil Science 51, 667–677.
| Dissolved components in precipitation water percolated through forest litter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
IUSS Working Group WRB (2015) ‘World reference base for soil resources 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps.’ World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. (FAO: Rome)
Jankowski M (2014) The evidence of lateral podzolization in sandy soils of northern Poland. Catena 112, 139–147.
| The evidence of lateral podzolization in sandy soils of northern Poland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jansen B, Nierop KGJ, Verstraten JM (2003) Mobility of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Al in acidic forest soils mediated by dissolved organic matter: influence of solution pH and metal/organic carbon ratios. Geoderma 113, 323–340.
| Mobility of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Al in acidic forest soils mediated by dissolved organic matter: influence of solution pH and metal/organic carbon ratios.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jansen B, Nierop KGJ, Verstraten JM (2004) Mobilization of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in Podzol eluvial horizons as affected by formation of metal-organic complexes and interactions with solid soil material. European Journal of Soil Science 55, 287–297.
| Mobilization of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in Podzol eluvial horizons as affected by formation of metal-organic complexes and interactions with solid soil material.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jansen B, Nierop KGJ, Verstraten JM (2005) Mechanisms controlling the mobility of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in Podzol B horizons. European Journal of Soil Science 56, 537–550.
| Mechanisms controlling the mobility of dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron in Podzol B horizons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaiser K, Guggenberger G (2003) Mineral surfaces and soil organic matter. European Journal of Soil Science 54, 219–236.
| Mineral surfaces and soil organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaiser K, Guggenberger G (2007) Distribution of hydrous aluminium and iron over density fractions depends on organic matter load and ultrasonic dispersion. Geoderma 140, 140–146.
| Distribution of hydrous aluminium and iron over density fractions depends on organic matter load and ultrasonic dispersion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaiser K, Zech W (2000) Dissolved organic matter sorption by mineral constituents of subsoil clay fractions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 163, 531–535.
| Dissolved organic matter sorption by mineral constituents of subsoil clay fractions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaiser K, Guggenberger G, Haumaier L, Zech W (1997) Dissolved organic matter sorption on subsoils and minerals studied by 13C-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy. European Journal of Soil Science 48, 301–310.
| Dissolved organic matter sorption on subsoils and minerals studied by 13C-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kaiser K, Eusterhues K, Rumpel C, Guggenberger G, Kögel-Knabner I (2002) Stabilization of organic matter by soil minerals - Investigations of density and particle-size fractions from two acid forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165, 451–459.
| Stabilization of organic matter by soil minerals - Investigations of density and particle-size fractions from two acid forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karltun E, Bain DC, Gustafsson JP, Mannerkoski H, Murad E, Wagner U, Fraser AR, McHardy WJ, Starr M (2000) Surface reactivity of poorly-ordered minerals in Podzol B horizons. Geoderma 94, 265–288.
| Surface reactivity of poorly-ordered minerals in Podzol B horizons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Knicker H (2004) Stabilization of N-compounds in soil and organic-matter-rich sediments - What is the difference? Marine Chemistry 92, 167–195.
| Stabilization of N-compounds in soil and organic-matter-rich sediments - What is the difference?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kodama H, Wang C (1989) Distribution and characterization of noncrystalline inorganic components in Spodosols and Spodosol-like soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 526–534.
| Distribution and characterization of noncrystalline inorganic components in Spodosols and Spodosol-like soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kögel‐Knabner I, Ziegler F, Riederer M, Zech W (1989) Distribution and decomposition pattern of cutin and suberin in forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 152, 409–413.
| Distribution and decomposition pattern of cutin and suberin in forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leifeld J, Kögel-Knabner I (2001) Organic carbon and nitrogen in fine soil fractions after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33, 2155–2158.
| Organic carbon and nitrogen in fine soil fractions after treatment with hydrogen peroxide.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lundström US (1993) The role of organic acids in the soil solution chemistry of a podzolized soil. Journal of Soil Science 44, 121–133.
| The role of organic acids in the soil solution chemistry of a podzolized soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lundström US, Van Breemen N, Bain D (2000) The podzolization process. A review. Geoderma 94, 91–107.
| The podzolization process. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mehra OP (1958) Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate. Clays and Clay Minerals 7, 317–327.
| Iron oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium bicarbonate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mikutta R, Kleber M, Kaiser K, Jahn R (2005) Review: Organic matter removal from soils using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and disodium peroxodisulfate. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, 120–135.
| Review: Organic matter removal from soils using hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and disodium peroxodisulfate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mikutta R, Mikutta C, Kalbitz K, Scheel T, Kaiser K, Jahn R (2007) Biodegradation of forest floor organic matter bound to minerals via different binding mechanisms. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71, 2569–2590.
| Biodegradation of forest floor organic matter bound to minerals via different binding mechanisms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mokma DL, Yli-Halla M, Lindqvist K (2004) Podzol formation in sandy soils of Finland. Geoderma 120, 259–272.
| Podzol formation in sandy soils of Finland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nierop KGJ, Buurman P (1999) Insoluble organic matter fractions in incipient Podzol B horizons: preservation of aliphatic biopolymers from roots. Humic Substances in the Environment 1, 29–37.
Nierop KGJ, Jansen B, Verstraten JM (2002) Dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron interactions: precipitation induced by metal/carbon ratio, pH and competition. The Science of the Total Environment 300, 201–211.
| Dissolved organic matter, aluminium and iron interactions: precipitation induced by metal/carbon ratio, pH and competition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nuzzo A, Buurman P, Cozzolino V, Spaccini R, Piccolo A (2020) Infrared spectra of soil organic matter under primary vegetation sequence. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 7, 6
| Infrared spectra of soil organic matter under primary vegetation sequence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Poirier V, Roumet C, Munson AD (2018) The root of the matter: linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 120, 246–259.
| The root of the matter: linking root traits and soil organic matter stabilization processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ransom B, Kim D, Kastner M, Wainwright S (1998) Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 1329–1345.
| Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rasmussen C, Torn MS, Southard RJ (2005) Mineral assemblage and aggregates control carbon dynamics in a California conifer forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, 1711–1721.
| Mineral assemblage and aggregates control carbon dynamics in a California conifer forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rennert T (2018) Geogenic CO2 affects inorganic soil properties and the composition of soil organic matter in physical fractions. Soil Research 56, 396–403.
| Geogenic CO2 affects inorganic soil properties and the composition of soil organic matter in physical fractions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rennert T (2019) Wet-chemical extractions to characterise pedogenic Al and Fe species - A critical review. Soil Research 57, 1–16.
| Wet-chemical extractions to characterise pedogenic Al and Fe species - A critical review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rennert T, Gockel KF, Mansfeldt T (2007) Extraction of water-soluble organic matter from mineral horizons of forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170, 514–521.
| Extraction of water-soluble organic matter from mineral horizons of forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rennert T, Ghong NP, Rinklebe J (2017) Permanganate-oxidizable soil organic matter in floodplain soils. Catena 149, 381–384.
| Permanganate-oxidizable soil organic matter in floodplain soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rennert T, Georgiadis A, Ghong NP, Rinklebe J (2018) Compositional variety of soil organic matter in mollic floodplain-soil profiles - Also an indicator of pedogenesis. Geoderma 311, 15–24.
| Compositional variety of soil organic matter in mollic floodplain-soil profiles - Also an indicator of pedogenesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reyes I, Torrent J (1997) Citrate-ascorbate as a highly selective extractant for poorly crystalline iron oxides. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1647–1654.
| Citrate-ascorbate as a highly selective extractant for poorly crystalline iron oxides.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Römkens PFAM, Dolfing J (1998) Effect of Ca on the solubility and molecular size distribution of DOC and Cu binding in soil solution samples. Environmental Science & Technology 32, 363–369.
| Effect of Ca on the solubility and molecular size distribution of DOC and Cu binding in soil solution samples.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rumpel C, Kögel-Knabner I (2011) Deep soil organic matter - A key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle. Plant and Soil 338, 143–158.
| Deep soil organic matter - A key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rumpel C, Kögel-Knabner I, Bruhn F (2002) Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis. Organic Geochemistry 33, 1131–1142.
| Vertical distribution, age, and chemical composition of organic carbon in two forest soils of different pedogenesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rumpel C, Eusterhues K, Kögel-Knabner I (2004) Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36, 177–190.
| Location and chemical composition of stabilized organic carbon in topsoil and subsoil horizons of two acid forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sauer D, Sponagel H, Sommer M, Giani L, Jahn R, Stahr K (2007) Podzol: soil of the year 2007. A review on its genesis, occurrence, and functions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170, 581–597.
| Podzol: soil of the year 2007. A review on its genesis, occurrence, and functions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sauer D, Schülli-Maurer I, Sperstad R, Sørensen R, Stahr K (2008) Podzol development with time in sandy beach deposits in southern Norway. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 171, 483–497.
| Podzol development with time in sandy beach deposits in southern Norway.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schaetzl RJ (2002) A Spodosol-Entisol transition in Northern Michigan. Soil Science Society of America Journal 66, 1272–1284.
| A Spodosol-Entisol transition in Northern Michigan.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schaetzl RJ, Rothstein DE (2016) Temporal variation in the strength of podzolization as indicated by lysimeter data. Geoderma 282, 26–36.
| Temporal variation in the strength of podzolization as indicated by lysimeter data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scharpenseel HW, Becker-Heidmann P, Neue HU, Tsutsuki K (1989) Bomb-carbon, 14C-dating and 13C-measurements as tracers of organic matter dynamics as well as of morphogenetic and turbation processes. Science of the Total Environment 81–82, 99–110.
| Bomb-carbon, 14C-dating and 13C-measurements as tracers of organic matter dynamics as well as of morphogenetic and turbation processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schmidt MWI, Knicker H, Kögel-Knabner I (2000) Organic matter accumulating in Aeh and Bh horizons of a Podzol - Chemical characterization in primary organo-mineral associations. Organic Geochemistry 31, 727–734.
| Organic matter accumulating in Aeh and Bh horizons of a Podzol - Chemical characterization in primary organo-mineral associations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schrumpf M, Kaiser K, Guggenberger G, Persson T, Kögel-Knabner I, Schulze ED (2013) Storage and stability of organic carbon in soils as related to depth, occlusion within aggregates, and attachment to minerals. Biogeosciences 10, 1675–1691.
| Storage and stability of organic carbon in soils as related to depth, occlusion within aggregates, and attachment to minerals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schulze K, Borken W, Muhr J, Matzner E (2009) Stock, turnover time and accumulation of organic matter in bulk and density fractions of a Podzol soil. European Journal of Soil Science 60, 567–577.
| Stock, turnover time and accumulation of organic matter in bulk and density fractions of a Podzol soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schwertmann U (1964) Differenzierung der Eisenoxide des Bodens durch Extraktion mit Ammoniumoxalat-Lösung. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung Düngung und Bodenkunde 105, 194–202.
| Differenzierung der Eisenoxide des Bodens durch Extraktion mit Ammoniumoxalat-Lösung. Zeitschrift für PflanzenernährungCrossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Skjemstad JO, Waters AG, Hanna JV, Oades JM (1992) Genesis of Podzols on coastal dunes in Southern Queensland. IV. Nature of the organic fraction as seen by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Australian Journal of Soil Research 30, 667–681.
| Genesis of Podzols on coastal dunes in Southern Queensland. IV. Nature of the organic fraction as seen by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sollins P, Swanston C, Kleber M, Filley T, Kramer M, Crow S, Caldwell BA, Lajtha K, Bowden R (2006) Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 3313–3324.
| Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spielvogel S, Prietzel J, Kögel-Knabner I (2008) Soil organic matter stabilization in acidic forest soils is preferential and soil type-specific. European Journal of Soil Science 59, 674–692.
| Soil organic matter stabilization in acidic forest soils is preferential and soil type-specific.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tiberg C, Sjöstedt C, Gustafsson JP (2018) Metal sorption to Spodosol Bs horizons: organic matter complexes predominate. Chemosphere 196, 556–565.
| Metal sorption to Spodosol Bs horizons: organic matter complexes predominate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 29329088PubMed |
Vermeire M, Bonneville S, Stenuit B, Cornélis J, Delvaux B (2019) Is microbial reduction of Fe (III) in podzolic soils influencing C release? Geoderma 340, 1–10.
| Is microbial reduction of Fe (III) in podzolic soils influencing C release?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Veum KS, Goyne KW, Kremer RJ, Miles RJ, Sudduth KA (2014) Biological indicators of soil quality and soil organic matter characteristics in an agricultural management continuum. Biogeochemistry 117, 81–99.
| Biological indicators of soil quality and soil organic matter characteristics in an agricultural management continuum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yuan G, Soma M, Seyama H, Theng BK, Lavkulich L, Takamatsu T (1998) Assessing the surface composition of soil particles from some podzolic soils by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Geoderma 86, 169–181.
| Assessing the surface composition of soil particles from some podzolic soils by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zimmermann M, Leifeld J, Schmidt MWI, Smith P, Fuhrer J (2007) Measured soil organic matter fractions can be related to pools in the RothC model. European Journal of Soil Science 58, 658–667.
| Measured soil organic matter fractions can be related to pools in the RothC model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zimmermann M, Leifeld J, Conen F, Bird MI, Meir P (2012) Can composition and physical protection of soil organic matter explain soil respiration temperature sensitivity? Biogeochemistry 107, 423–436.
| Can composition and physical protection of soil organic matter explain soil respiration temperature sensitivity?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
