Soil biochemical changes at different wheat growth stages in response to conservation agriculture practices in a rice-wheat system of north-western India
Tanushree Bera A , Sandeep Sharma A D , H. S. Thind A , Yadvinder-Singh B C , H. S. Sidhu B and M. L. Jat C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
B Borlaug Institute for SouthAsia, (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana 141004, India.
C International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110012, India.
D Corresponding author. Email: sandyagro@pau.edu
Soil Research 56(1) 91-104 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16357
Submitted: 15 December 2016 Accepted: 17 July 2017 Published: 7 December 2017
Abstract
Intensive tillage, removal or burning of crop residues, limited organic manure use, declining irrigation water resources and scarcity of labour are the major causes of soil degradation and unsustainability of rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system (RWS) in South Asia.Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as zero tillage (ZT), dry direct seeded rice (DSR) and crop residues retained as mulch have shown promise to increase the productivity and profitability of RWS in South Asia. Effects of RCTs on soil biological parameters are unclear and contradictory. We evaluated the effects of conservation agriculture practices on changes in soil biochemical properties at different growth stages of wheat grown as the fifth crop in RWS. Twelve treatment combinations of tillage, crop establishment and crop residue management included four main plot treatments in rice: (1) conventional tillage (CT)-DSR,(2) ZT-DSR, (3) DTR, ZT machine transplanted rice and (4) PTR, conventional puddled transplanted rice. The three subplot treatments were: (i) CTW-R, CT wheat with both rice and wheat residues removed, (ii) ZTW-R, ZT wheat with residues of both the crops removed and (iii) ZTW+R, ZT wheat with rice residue retained as surface mulch in subsequent wheat. Irrespective of rice establishment methods, mean wheat grain yield under ZTW+R was 6% and 10% greater than CTW-R and ZTW-R respectively. Soil enzyme activities increased (5–18%) under ZTW+R compared with ZTW-R and CTW-R at different growth stages of wheat. The residual effect of rice establishment methods was significant on soil enzyme activities during wheat cropping, which were highest under ZT-DSR followed by CT-DSR, DTR and PTR. Soil organic carbon content in the 0–7.5 cm layer was significantly higher (7–9%) under the ZTW+R treatment compared with all the other treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate and phosphatase), and soil organic carbon content as the most sensitive indicators for assessing soil quality for RWS based on conservation agriculture. The PCA discriminated rice establishment systems with rice residue as surface mulch from rice establishment systems without rice residue and the maximum tillering stage from the other stages of wheat. The present study provided reliable biochemical indicators to monitor soil biological quality changes in response to conservation agriculture practices in RWS.
Additional keywords: Conventional tillage, rice establishment methods, rice straw retention, soil enzymes, wheat growth stages.
References
Adam G, Duncan H (2001) Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a range of soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 33, 943–951.| Development of a sensitive and rapid method for the measurement of total microbial activity using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a range of soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksVOrur4%3D&md5=db1c57a0e04f28ac571860a3b2d0ed9bCAS |
Allison SD, Nielsen CB, Hughes RF (2006) Elevated enzyme activities in soils under the invasive nitrogen-fixing tree Falcatariamoluccana. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 38, 1537–1544.
| Elevated enzyme activities in soils under the invasive nitrogen-fixing tree Falcatariamoluccana.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xnt1ylt70%3D&md5=4f1e76f5ad2ae60b809eab73fc174f9fCAS |
Ames BN (1966) Assay of inorganic phosphate, total phosphate and phosphatases. Methods in Enzymology 8, 115–118.
| Assay of inorganic phosphate, total phosphate and phosphatases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXhvFeksQ%3D%3D&md5=04a7ae4abbfb56dbd86c6b402f64324bCAS |
Balota EL, Kanashiro M, Colozzi-Filho A, Andrade DA, Dick RP (2004) Soil enzyme activities under long-term tillage and crop rotations systems in subtropical agro-ecosystems. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 35, 300–306.
| Soil enzyme activities under long-term tillage and crop rotations systems in subtropical agro-ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntlWktrY%3D&md5=ca7784dae19f2a05e6d28bd1ec46902aCAS |
Bandick AK, Dick RP (1999) Field management effects on soil enzyme activities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31, 1471–1479.
| Field management effects on soil enzyme activities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXls12ntLY%3D&md5=784c44bb364ed0a05b5539d80f6613bdCAS |
Banerjee S, Aggarwal A (2013) Enzymology, immobilization and applications of urease enzyme. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2, 51–56.
Beyer L, Wachendorf C, Elsner D, Knabe R (1993) Suitability of dehydrogenase activity assay as an index of soil biological activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16, 52–56.
| Suitability of dehydrogenase activity assay as an index of soil biological activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmsVyqs7g%3D&md5=a320b6a983c1cc93cdfe5084ac439d79CAS |
Caravaca F, Roldan A (2003) Assessing changes in physical and biological properties in a soil contaminated by soil sludges under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. Geoderma 117, 53–61.
| Assessing changes in physical and biological properties in a soil contaminated by soil sludges under semiarid Mediterranean conditions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpt1Kkt7Y%3D&md5=9a39ac4d029ce8f71ad03e6186beca1aCAS |
Carter MR (2002) Soil quality for sustainable land management: organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions. Journal of Agronomy 94, 38–47.
| Soil quality for sustainable land management: organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ceccanti B, Pezzarossa B, Gallardo-Lancho FJ, Masciandaro G (1994) Biotests as markers of soil utilization and fertility. Geomicrobiology Journal 11, 309–316.
| Biotests as markers of soil utilization and fertility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dalal RC, Allen DE, Wang WJ, Reeves S, Gibson I (2011) Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilisation. Soil & Tillage Research 112, 133–139.
| Organic carbon and total nitrogen stocks in a Vertisol following 40 years of no tillage, crop residue retention and nitrogen fertilisation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Das A, Lal R, Patel DP, Idapuganti RG, Layek J, Ngachan SV, Ghosh RG, Bordoloi J, Kumar M (2014) Effects of tillage and biomass on soil quality and productivity of lowland rice cultivation by small scale farmers in North Eastern India. Soil & Tillage Research 143, 50–58.
| Effects of tillage and biomass on soil quality and productivity of lowland rice cultivation by small scale farmers in North Eastern India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz-Zorita M, Grove JH (2002) Duration of tillage management affects carbon and phosphorus stratification in phosphatic Paleudalfs. Soil & Tillage Research 66, 165–174.
| Duration of tillage management affects carbon and phosphorus stratification in phosphatic Paleudalfs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Douglas LA, Bremner JM (1970) Extraction and colorimetric determination of urea in soils. Soil Science Society of American Proceedings 34, 859–862.
| Extraction and colorimetric determination of urea in soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXht1WltA%3D%3D&md5=c3f252cf705e2053abb287b42f0257d0CAS |
Dutta M, Sardar D, Pal R, Kole RK (2010) Effect of chlorpyrifos on microbial biomass and activities in tropical clay loam soil. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 160, 385–391.
| Effect of chlorpyrifos on microbial biomass and activities in tropical clay loam soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFyiu7rJ&md5=e5dfea10e378e49bbeaf541ce3afb23cCAS |
Eivazi F, Tabatabai MA (1988) Glucosidases and galactosidases in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 20, 601–606.
| Glucosidases and galactosidases in soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXjvVWnug%3D%3D&md5=a6200fd505995425b378c9f50f37b757CAS |
Federle ML, Ventullo RM, White DC (1990) Spatial distribution of microbial biomass, activity, community structure, and the biodegradation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) in the subsurface. Microbial Ecology 20, 297–313.
| Spatial distribution of microbial biomass, activity, community structure, and the biodegradation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) in the subsurface.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXktVOmu7g%3D&md5=b523ee10883fb404827dc1cc378a9887CAS |
Gajda AM, Przewoka B, Gawryjoke K (2013) Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied. International Agrophysics 27, 133–141.
| Changes in soil quality associated with tillage system applied.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtlahs7jE&md5=38af95bb670db6251b2dfd6dfd72f1c2CAS |
Gathala MK, Ladha JK, Saharawat YS, Kumar V, Kumar V, Sharma PK (2011) Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice–wheat rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 75, 1851–1862.
| Effect of tillage and crop establishment methods on physical properties of a medium-textured soil under a seven-year rice–wheat rotation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1CisrjK&md5=55461f77ca71c9987377431549ec4d8eCAS |
Gathala MK, Kumar V, Sharma PC, Saharawat YS, Jat HS, Singh M, Kumar A, Jat ML, Humphreys E, Sharma DK, Sharma S, Ladha JK (2013) Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 177, 85–97.
| Optimizing intensive cereal-based cropping systems addressing current and future drivers of agricultural change in the northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gupta RK, Seth A (2007) A review of resource conserving technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Crop Protection 26, 436–447.
| A review of resource conserving technologies for sustainable management of the rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic plains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) (2000) IRRISTAT for window (CD-ROM) version 4.02b. Los Banos, Philippines, IRRI.
Jackson ML (1973) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. USA.
Jat ML, Dagar JC, Sapkota TB, Singh Y, Govaerts B, Ridaura SL, Saharawat YS, Sharma RK, Tetarwal JP, Jat RK, Hobbs H, Stirling C (2016) Climate change and agriculture: adaptation strategies and mitigation opportunities for food security in South Asia and Latin America. Advances in Agronomy 137, 127–235.
| Climate change and agriculture: adaptation strategies and mitigation opportunities for food security in South Asia and Latin America.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jin K, Sleutel S, Buchan D, Neve SD, Cai DX, Gabriels D, Jin JY (2009) Changes of soil enzyme activities under different tillage practices in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Soil & Tillage Research 104, 115–120.
| Changes of soil enzyme activities under different tillage practices in the Chinese Loess Plateau.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kandeler E, Tscherko D, Spiegel H (1999) Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities of a Chernozem under different tillage management. Biology and Fertility of Soils 28, 343–351.
| Long-term monitoring of microbial biomass, N mineralisation and enzyme activities of a Chernozem under different tillage management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntFOguw%3D%3D&md5=1dd912514d962173c8a51d9127073e40CAS |
Katyal JC, Bijay Singh, Craswell ET (1984) Fate and efficiency of urea supergrunules to high percolating rice growing soil: In Nitrogen in soils, crops and fertilizer Bull. No. 13. pp. 229–237. Indian Society of Soil Science, New Delhi.
Klein T, Siegwolf RTW, Korner C (2016) Belowground carbon trade among tall trees in a temperate forest. Science 352, 342–344.
| Belowground carbon trade among tall trees in a temperate forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xlsl2isLc%3D&md5=75af34da4fb43e9d41b97d000f04a1b9CAS |
Knudsen D, Peterson GA, Pratt PF (1982) Lithium, sodium and potassium. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2’. Chemical and Microbiological Properties’ (Eds ALPage, RH Miller, DR Keeney) pp. 225–246. (American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI).
Kumar S, Panday DS (2004) Effect of tillage, rice residue and nitrogen management practices on yield of wheat and chemical properties of soil under rice-wheat cropping system. Indian Journal of Agronomy 49, 223–225.
Luo Y, Durenkamp M, Nobili MD, Lin Q, Devonshire BJ, Brookes PC (2013) Microbial biomass growth following incorporation of biochars produced at 350°C or 700°C, in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low pH. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 57, 513–523.
| Microbial biomass growth following incorporation of biochars produced at 350°C or 700°C, in a silty-clay loam soil of high and low pH.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXitVGisLs%3D&md5=6930eedb2f0e74b14836e406d7930c34CAS |
Ma E, Zhang G, Ma J, Xu H, Cai Z, Yagi K (2010) Effects of rice straw returning methods on N2O emission during wheat-growing season. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 88, 463–469.
| Effects of rice straw returning methods on N2O emission during wheat-growing season.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlCltLbM&md5=8f742213a80fa681885ca4b6b94b4fbcCAS |
Malhi SS, Grant CA, Johnston AM, Gill KS (2001) Nitrogen fertilization management for no-till cereal production in the Canadian Great Plains: a review. Soil & Tillage Research 60, 101–122.
| Nitrogen fertilization management for no-till cereal production in the Canadian Great Plains: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mandal A, Patra AK, Singh D, Swarup A, Masto RE (2007) Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology 98, 3585–3592.
| Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvVamtLs%3D&md5=aa8fd2fbbbf6684130e64fc62a8d416fCAS |
Mangalassery S, Mooney SJ, Sparkes DJ, Fraser WT, Sjeogersten S (2015) Impacts of zero tillage on soil enzyme activities, microbial characteristics and organic matter functional chemistry in temperate soils. European Journal of Soil Biology 68, 9–17.
| Impacts of zero tillage on soil enzyme activities, microbial characteristics and organic matter functional chemistry in temperate soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXktVCit70%3D&md5=6069e02d070d404321d92fb73a4f8bdaCAS |
Meena BL, Singh AK, Phogat BS, Sharma HB (2013) Effects of nutrient management and planting systems on root phenology and grain yield of wheat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 83, 627–632.
Melero S, López-Garrido R, Madejón E, Murillo JM, Vanderlinden K, Ordóñez R, Moreno F (2009) Long-term effects of conservation tillage on organic fractions in two soils in southwest of Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 133, 68–74.
| Long-term effects of conservation tillage on organic fractions in two soils in southwest of Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meng L, Ding W, Cai Z (2005) Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37, 2037–2045.
| Long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on N2O emissions, soil quality and crop production in a sandy loam soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtFKntLnI&md5=338b9725c76f5bbf6483d088152b455cCAS |
Nannipieri P (1994) The potential use of soil enzymes as indicators of productivity, sustainability and pollution. In ‘Soil Biota: Management in Sustainable Farming Systems’ (Eds CE Pankhurst, BM Doube, VVSR Gupta, PR Grace) pp. 238–244 (CSIRO, Australia).
Nayak DR, Babu YJ, Adhya TK (2007) Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 1897–1906.
| Long-term application of compost influences microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a tropical Aeric Endoaquept planted to rice under flooded condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXls1Wqtbo%3D&md5=6933d2354908919cf8b6d8f9ee8701dcCAS |
Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1996) Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3: Chemical Methods’ (Eds DL Sparks, AL Page) pp. 961–1010.(American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Olsen SR, Cole CV, Waternabe FS, Dean LA (1954) Estimation of available phosphorous in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. United State Department of agriculture 939, 1–18.
Parihar CM, Yadav MR, Jat SL, Singh AK, Kumar B, Pradhan S, Chakraborty D, Jat ML, Jat RK, Saharawat YS, Yadav OP (2016) Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Soil & Tillage Research 161, 116–128.
| Long term effect of conservation agriculture in maize rotations on total organic carbon, physical and biological properties of a sandy loam soil in north-western Indo-Gangetic Plains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Perez-Brandán C, Arzeno JL, Huidobro J, Grümberg B, Conforto C, Hilton S, Bending GD, Meriles JM, Vargas-Gil S (2012) Long-term effect of tillage systems on soil microbiological, chemical and physical parameters and the incidence of charcoal rot by Macrophominaphaseolina (Tassi) Goid in soyabean. Crop Protection 40, 73–82.
| Long-term effect of tillage systems on soil microbiological, chemical and physical parameters and the incidence of charcoal rot by Macrophominaphaseolina (Tassi) Goid in soyabean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pinheiro EFM, Pereira MG, Anjos LHC (2004) Aggregates distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage system for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil. Soil & Tillage Research 77, 79–84.
| Aggregates distribution and soil organic matter under different tillage system for vegetable crops in a Red Latosol from Brazil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Piotrowska-Długosz A (2014) Enzymes and Soil Fertility.In ‘Enzymes in Agricultural Sciences’. (Eds LGianfreda, MA Rao) pp. 44–79 (OMICS Group eBooks 731 Gull Ave, Foster City. CA 94404, USA)
Qin SP, Dong WX, Hu CS (2010) Tillage affecting the turnover rate of soil urease: implications for enzyme assays and ecological modeling. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 19, 717–720.
Reicosky DC, Evans SD, Cambardella CA, Allmaras RR, Wilts AR, Huggins DR (2002) Soil organic carbon storage in continuous corn with moldboard tillage: tillage and fertility effects. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57, 277–284.
Roldán A, Salinas-Garcia JR, Alguacil MM, Caravaca F (2005) Changes in soil enzyme activity, fertility, aggregation and C sequestration mediated by conservation tillage practices and water regime in a maize field. Applied Soil Ecology 30, 11–20.
| Changes in soil enzyme activity, fertility, aggregation and C sequestration mediated by conservation tillage practices and water regime in a maize field.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roldan A, Salinas Garcia JR, Alguacil MM, Caravaca F (2007) Soil sustainability. Soil Science Society of America Journal 62, 670–676.
Romig DE, Garlynd MJ, Harris RF (1996) Farmer-based assessment of soil quality. In ‘A Soil Health Scorecard’. Methods for Assessing Soil Quality (Eds JW Doran, AJ Jones,) pp. 39–60. (Soil Science Society of America, Special Publication 49, Madison, WI).
Sharma P, Singh G, Singh RP (2013) Conservation tillage and optimal water supply enhance microbial enzyme (glucosidase, urease and phosphatase) activities in fields under wheat cultivation during various nitrogen management practices. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 59, 911–928.
| Conservation tillage and optimal water supply enhance microbial enzyme (glucosidase, urease and phosphatase) activities in fields under wheat cultivation during various nitrogen management practices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xms1Wqsrw%3D&md5=21788cdb44df6784856ab9996632881aCAS |
Sidhu HS, Manpreet-Singh , Humphreys E, Yadvinder-Singh , Balwinder-Singh , Dhillon SS, Blackwell J, Bector V, Malkeet-Singh , Sarbjeet-Singh (2007) The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 844–854.
| The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sidhu HS, Manpreet-Singh , Yadvinder-Singh , Blackwell J, Humphreys E, Jat ML, Singh V, Singh S (2015) Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India. Field Crops Research 184, 201–212.
| Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Singh SS, Singh AK, Sundaram PK (2014) Agrotechnological options for upscaling agricultural productivity in eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains under impending climate change situations: a review. Journal of Agricultural Research 1, 55–65.
Srinivasan V, Maheswarappa HP, Lal R (2012) Long term effects of topsoil depth and amendments on particulate and non particulate carbon fractions in a Miamian soil of Central Ohio. Soil & Tillage Research 121, 10–17.
| Long term effects of topsoil depth and amendments on particulate and non particulate carbon fractions in a Miamian soil of Central Ohio.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Subbiah BV, Asija GL (1956) A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science 25, 259–260.
Tabatabai MA (1982) Soil Enzymes. In ‘Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy No. 9. (EdsA Page, RH Miller, DR Keeney) pp. 903–947. (American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM (1969) Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 1, 301–307.
| Use of p-nitrophenyl phosphate for assay of soil phosphatase activity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXhtFShu7Y%3D&md5=635a2cf46506f89568bae867a7ca0d24CAS |
Tarafdar JC, Marschner H (1994) Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and hyphosphere of VA mycorrhizal wheat supplied with inorganic and organic phosphorous. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 26, 387–395.
| Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and hyphosphere of VA mycorrhizal wheat supplied with inorganic and organic phosphorous.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXis12isr0%3D&md5=90d94d7e546fa28a15087a83ed274fe1CAS |
Tong CL, Xiao HA, Tang GY, Wang HQ, Huang TP, Xia HA, Keith SJ, Li Y, Liu SL, Wu JH (2009) Long-term fertilizer effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen and coupling relationships of C and N in paddy soils in subtropical China. Soil & Tillage Research 106, 8–14.
| Long-term fertilizer effects on organic carbon and total nitrogen and coupling relationships of C and N in paddy soils in subtropical China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trasar-Cepeda C, Leiros MC, Gil-sotres F (2000) Biochemical properties of acid soils under climax vegetation (Atlantic oakwood) in an area of the European temperate-humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain): specific parameters. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 32, 747–755.
| Biochemical properties of acid soils under climax vegetation (Atlantic oakwood) in an area of the European temperate-humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain): specific parameters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktFWjsbY%3D&md5=1e3b294ad3d405aa23d5c07495ee56fdCAS |
Walkley A, Black CA (1934) An examination of wet acid method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29–38.
| An examination of wet acid method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaA2cXitlGmug%3D%3D&md5=61a7a47ca314e749c71090a848da451bCAS |
Wei T, Zhang P, Wang K, Ding R, Yang B, Nie J, Jia Z, Han Q (2015) Effects of wheat straw incorporation on the availability of soil nutrients and enzyme activities in semiarid areas. PLoS One 10, 0120994
Westerman RL (1990) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis, 3rd Ed. (American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
Wilhelm WW, Johnson JMF, Douglas KL, Lightle DT (2007) Corn stover to sustain soil organic carbon further constrains biomass supply. Agronomy Journal 99, 1665–1667.
| Corn stover to sustain soil organic carbon further constrains biomass supply.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVGrtbfL&md5=0ebafb66b862a4c4a008ffe87e1f0ba5CAS |
Wold S, Esbensen K, Geladi P (1987) Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2, 37–52.
| Principal component analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXjtVyjsw%3D%3D&md5=226fef9468a2d697a449bbe099b7945fCAS |
Yadav BK, Tarafdar JC (2004) Phytase activity in the rhizosphere of crops, trees and grasses under arid environment. Journal of Arid Environments 58, 285–293.
| Phytase activity in the rhizosphere of crops, trees and grasses under arid environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yadvinder-Singh , Sidhu HS (2014) Management of cereal crop residues for sustainable rice-wheat production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India. Proceedings of Indian National Academy of Sciences 80, 95–114.
| Management of cereal crop residues for sustainable rice-wheat production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yadvinder-Singh , Gupta RK, Jagmohan Singh , Gurpreet Singh , Gobinder Singh , Ladha JK (2010) Placement effects on rice residue decomposition and nutrient dynamics on two soil types during wheat cropping in rice–wheat system in northwestern India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 88, 471–480.
| Placement effects on rice residue decomposition and nutrient dynamics on two soil types during wheat cropping in rice–wheat system in northwestern India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
