Soil properties and organic matter quality in relation to climate and vegetation in southern Indian tropical ecosystems
Shanmugam Mani A B E , Agustín Merino B , Felipe García-Oliva C , Jean Riotte D and Raman Sukumar A E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Centre for Ecological Sciences and Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
B Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
C Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 58090 Morelia, Mexico.
D Indo-French Cell for Water Sciences, Joint IRD-IISc Laboratory, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
E Corresponding authors. Email: manitrees@gmail.com (SM); rsuku@ces.iisc.ernet.in (RS)
Soil Research 56(1) 80-90 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16262
Submitted: 29 September 2016 Accepted: 10 July 2017 Published: 5 September 2017
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) quantity and quality can be directly altered by climate, and SOM has been proposed as both a significant source and sink of carbon dioxide. To understand the factors that influence SOM, the present study focuses on the relationship between precipitation and soil physical and chemical properties along a rainfall–vegetation gradient in a seasonally dry tropical forest in the Western Ghats, southern India. Soil pH decreased with increasing rainfall, but soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) slightly increased. Rainfall had strong positive correlations with standing litter (Pearson’s r = 0.85), clay content (r = 0.69) and recalcitrant organic matter (r = 0.73) (all P < 0.05), and chemical properties SOC (r = 0.85), N (r = 0.71), magnesium (r = 0.65), iron (r = 0.64) and zinc (r = 0.75) (all P < 0.05). The heavy fraction, which was bound to mineral particles, comprised more than 60% of the SOM in all sites. The heavy fraction was positively correlated with rainfall and showed a higher proportion in the high rainfall forest soils. Thermal recalcitrant organic matter, such as carbohydrates – and other aliphatic compounds, such as lignin and polyphenols – were also higher in high rainfall forest soils, suggesting a greater effect of SOM turnover. The SOM content and quality were lower in the dry forest soils, which were mainly limited by annual precipitation, but clay content also contributed significantly to SOC storage.
Additional keywords: density fractionation, Mudumalai, soil carbon, soil texture, thermal stability, vegetation types.
References
Alvarez R, Alvarez CR (2000) Soil organic matter pools and their associations with carbon mineralization kinetics. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64, 184–189.| Soil organic matter pools and their associations with carbon mineralization kinetics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmslyhtrc%3D&md5=104377bd2404e489fffe212db7526fa3CAS |
Beare MH, Cabrera ML, Hendrix PF, Coleman DC (1994) Aggregate-protected and unprotected organic matter pools in conventional and no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58, 787–795.
| Aggregate-protected and unprotected organic matter pools in conventional and no-tillage soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boom A, Sinninge-Damste JS, de Leeuw JW (2005) Cutan, a common aliphatic biopolymer in cuticles of drought-adapted plants. Organic Geochemistry 36, 595–601.
| Cutan, a common aliphatic biopolymer in cuticles of drought-adapted plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhslGlur0%3D&md5=574809c05b8203ba3852abfd641bfbddCAS |
Burke IC, Kittel TGF, Lauenroth WK, Snook P, Yonker CM, Parton WJ (1991) Regional analysis of the Central Great Plains. Bioscience 41, 685–692.
| Regional analysis of the Central Great Plains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campo J, Merino A (2016) Variations in soil carbon sequestration and their determinants along a precipitation gradient in seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystems. Global Change Biology 22, 1942–1956.
| Variations in soil carbon sequestration and their determinants along a precipitation gradient in seasonally dry tropical forest ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Champion HG, Seth SK (1968) ‘A revised survey of the forest types of India.’ (Publication Division, Government of India: Delhi)
Chardon D, Jayananda M, Chetty TRK, Peucat J-J (2008) Precambrian continental strain and shear zone patterns: South Indian case. Journal of Geophysical Research 113, B08402
| Precambrian continental strain and shear zone patterns: South Indian case.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Christensen BT (1992) Physical fractionation of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates. Advances in Soil Science 20, 1–90.
| Physical fractionation of soil and organic matter in primary particle size and density separates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Crow SE, Swanston CW, Lajtha K, Brooks JE, Keirstead H (2007) Density fractionation of forest soils: methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context. Biogeochemistry 85, 69–90.
| Density fractionation of forest soils: methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cuevas RM, Hidalgo C, Payan F, Etchevers JD, Campo J (2013) Precipitation influences on active fractions of soil organic matter in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Yucatan: regional and seasonal patterns. European Journal of Forest Research 132, 667–677.
| Precipitation influences on active fractions of soil organic matter in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Yucatan: regional and seasonal patterns.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhslyqt7vE&md5=534a12ac7b0217158c2bfa4051b6ed42CAS |
Dai W, Huang Y (2006) Relation of soil organic matter concentration to climate and altitude in zonal soils of China. Catena 65, 87–94.
| Relation of soil organic matter concentration to climate and altitude in zonal soils of China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dalias P, Kokkoris GD, Troumbis AY (2003) Functional shift hypothesis and the relationship between temperature and soil carbon accumulation. Biology and Fertility of Soils 37, 90–95.
Dattaraja HS, Pulla S, Mondal N, Suresh HS, Bharanaiah CM, Sukumar R (2013) Spatial interpolation of rainfall for Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India. CES Technical Report No. 130, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
de Graaff MA, van Groenigen KJ, Six J, Hungate B, van Kessel C (2006) Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology 12, 2077–2091.
| Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
de Leeuw JW, Versteegh GJM, van Bergen PF (2006) Biomacromolecules of algae and plants and their fossil analogues. Plant Ecology 182, 209–233.
| Biomacromolecules of algae and plants and their fossil analogues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorodnikov M, Kuzyakov Y, Fangmeier A, Wiesenberg GLB (2011) C and N in soil organic matter density fractions under elevated atmospheric CO2: Turnover vs. stabilization. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43, 579–589.
| C and N in soil organic matter density fractions under elevated atmospheric CO2: Turnover vs. stabilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXpvVSiuw%3D%3D&md5=0f5674c334d8ac6ee6fc562881e9ebf8CAS |
Drury SA, Holt RW (1980) The tectonic framework of the South Indian craton: A reconnaissance involving LANDSAT imagery. Tectonophysics 65, T1–T15.
| The tectonic framework of the South Indian craton: A reconnaissance involving LANDSAT imagery.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Feller C, Beare MH (1997) Physical control of soil organic matter dynamics in the tropics. Geoderma 79, 69–116.
| Physical control of soil organic matter dynamics in the tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXns1Cmu7k%3D&md5=fac0a525b9e9f32c3b59edec2e14f316CAS |
Fernández JM, Plante AF, Leifeld J, Rasmussen C (2011) Methodological considerations for using thermal analysis in the characterization of soil organic matter. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 104, 389–398.
| Methodological considerations for using thermal analysis in the characterization of soil organic matter.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fernandez C, Vega JA, Jimenez E, Fonturbel T (2011a) Effectiveness of three post-fire treatments at reducing soil erosion in Galicia (NW Spain). International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, 104–114.
Ganesh T, Ganesan R, Devy S, Davidar P, Bawa KS (1996) Assessment of plant biodiversity at a mid-elevation evergreen forest of Kalakad Mudanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, India. Current Science 71, 379–392.
Ganuza A, Almendros G (2003) Organic carbon storage in soils of the Basque Country (Spain): the effect of climate, vegetation type and edaphic variables. Biology and Fertility of Soils 37, 154–162.
Garcia-Pausas J, Casals P, Camarero L, Huguet C, Sebastia MT, Thompson R, Romanya J (2007) Soil organic carbon storage in mountain grasslands of the Pyrenees: effects of climate and topography. Biogeochemistry 82, 279–289.
| Soil organic carbon storage in mountain grasslands of the Pyrenees: effects of climate and topography.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtVWjtbo%3D&md5=5adc61d7478188fc0c51fd4cdc6a36f4CAS |
George M, Gupta M, Singh J (1988) Forest soil vegetation survey: report on Mudumalai Forest Division, Tamil Nadu. Soil-Vegetation Survey, Southern Region, Technical Report, Coimbatore, India.
Golchin A, Oades JM, Skjemstad JO, Clarke P (1994) Soil structure and carbon cycling. Australian Journal of Soil Research 32, 1043–1068.
| Soil structure and carbon cycling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
González IG, Corbí JMG, Cancio AF, Ballesta RJ, Cascón MRG (2012) Soil carbon stocks and soil solution chemistry in Quercus ilex stands in Mainland Spain. European Journal of Forest Research 131, 1653–1667.
| Soil carbon stocks and soil solution chemistry in Quercus ilex stands in Mainland Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hagen-Thorn A, Callesen I, Armolaitis K, Nihlgard B (2004) The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land. Forest Ecology and Management 195, 373–384.
| The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harms KE, Dalling JW, Yavitt JB, Stallard R (2004) Forest dynamics plot soil sampling protocols. www.ctfs.si.edu/data///documents/SoilSmplProtocols1_Harms.pdf
Helfrich M, Ludwig B, Buurman P, Flessa H (2006) Effect of land use on the composition of soil organic matter in density and aggregate fractions as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Geoderma 136, 331–341.
| Effect of land use on the composition of soil organic matter in density and aggregate fractions as revealed by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtlahtbjF&md5=dc23168bcc47eda7d76bd50c59027e62CAS |
Hontoria C, Rodriguez-Murillo JC, Saa A (1999) Relationships between soil organic carbon and site characteristics in peninsular Spain. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63, 614–621.
| Relationships between soil organic carbon and site characteristics in peninsular Spain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXks1ajtbY%3D&md5=802d8087aecf23d7e88f909070202302CAS |
Huang Z, Davis MR, Condron LM, Clinton PW (2011) Soil carbon pools, plant biomarkers and mean carbon residence time after afforestation of grassland with three tree species. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43, 1341–1349.
| Soil carbon pools, plant biomarkers and mean carbon residence time after afforestation of grassland with three tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXkvFagtbk%3D&md5=976160317214db3d1b03dfa3394433c6CAS |
Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2000) The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications 10, 423–436.
| The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
John B, Yamashita T, Ludwig B, Flessa H (2005) Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use. Geoderma 128, 63–79.
| Storage of organic carbon in aggregate and density fractions of silty soils under different types of land use.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvV2ksL4%3D&md5=6f4908dd8a4a680ef0608e6eb4e681b6CAS |
Jordan CF (1985) ‘Nutrient cycling in tropical forest ecosystems: principles and their application in conservation and management.’ (John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England)
Kirschbaum MUF (2000) Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming? Biogeochemistry 48, 21–51.
| Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a positive or negative feedback on global warming?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitVOjsrw%3D&md5=c1bdf1aa64bb7eb651c3aef76c9ce466CAS |
Kottek M, Grieser J, Beck C, Bruno Rudolf B, Rubel F (2006) World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, 259–263.
| World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lehmann J, Kleber M (2015) The contentious nature of soil organic matter. Nature 528, 60–68.
Leifeld J, Fuhrer J (2005) The temperature response of CO2 production from bulk soils and soil fractions is related to soil organic matter quality. Biogeochemistry 75, 433–453.
| The temperature response of CO2 production from bulk soils and soil fractions is related to soil organic matter quality.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1Squr7J&md5=ba27de5b31a219f68024c7aab1dfba37CAS |
Leifeld J, von Lutzow M (2014) Chemical and microbial activation energies of soil organic matter decomposition. Biology and Fertility of Soils 50, 147–153.
| Chemical and microbial activation energies of soil organic matter decomposition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjt1Gjsg%3D%3D&md5=bd5bf63e58dbf0bf7047dd6687c9d6e6CAS |
Liu S, An N, Yang J, Dong S, Wang C, Yin Y (2015) Prediction of soil organic matter variability associated with different land use types in mountainous landscape in southwestern Yunnan province, China. Catena 133, 137–144.
| Prediction of soil organic matter variability associated with different land use types in mountainous landscape in southwestern Yunnan province, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXovV2msbw%3D&md5=f7efff04316e62e9dd9e4a3bc3267f03CAS |
Malhi Y, Doughty CE, Goldsmith GR, Metcalfe DB, Girardin CAJ, Marthews TR, del Aguila-Pasquel J, Aragão LEOC, Araujo-Murakami A, Brando P, et al (2015) The linkages between photosynthesis, productivity, growth and biomass in lowland Amazonian forests. Global Change Biology 21, 2283–2295.
| The linkages between photosynthesis, productivity, growth and biomass in lowland Amazonian forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marín-Spiotta E, Swanston CW, Torn MS, Silver WL, Burton SD (2008) Chemical and mineral control of soil carbon turnover in abandoned tropical pastures. Geoderma 143, 49–62.
| Chemical and mineral control of soil carbon turnover in abandoned tropical pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Martin MP, Wattenbach M, Smith P, Meersmans J, Jolivet C, Boulonne L, Arrouays D (2011) Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in France. Biogeosciences 8, 1053–1065.
| Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stocks in France.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVKltLrF&md5=8d61f3617c49372dd903d9514ff5b66cCAS |
Martinelli LA, Piccolo MC, Townsend AR, Vitousek PM, Cuevas E, McDowell W, Robertson GP, Santos OC, Treseder K (1999) Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical vs. temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 46, 45–65.
| Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical vs. temperate forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlslSmu7k%3D&md5=e7635b60b7c4e2bd0fcb6b98804518b6CAS |
Mastrolonardo G, Certini G, Krebs R, Forte C, Egli M (2013) Effects of fire on soil organic matter quality along an altitudinal sequence on Mt. Etna, Sicily. Catena 110, 133–145.
| Effects of fire on soil organic matter quality along an altitudinal sequence on Mt. Etna, Sicily.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVens7rN&md5=dbf71e95adf31a25812aff06667eeecaCAS |
Mastrolonardo G, Francioso O, Di Foggia M, Bonora S, Rumpel C, Certini G (2014) Application of thermal and spectroscopic techniques to assess fire-induced changes to soil organic matter in a Mediterranean forest. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 143, 174–182.
| Application of thermal and spectroscopic techniques to assess fire-induced changes to soil organic matter in a Mediterranean forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXotFyqsbw%3D&md5=f21657b31283413d77eb6b7ff572eadbCAS |
Mastrolonardo G, Rumpel C, Forte C, Doerr SH, Certini G (2015) Abundance and composition of free and aggregate-occluded carbohydrates and lignin in two forest soils as affected by wildfires of different severity. Geoderma 245–246, 40–51.
| Abundance and composition of free and aggregate-occluded carbohydrates and lignin in two forest soils as affected by wildfires of different severity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Meißner B, Deters P, Srikantappa C, Kohler H (2002) Geochronological evolution of the Moyar, Bhavani and Palghat shear zones of southern India: implications for east Gondwana correlations. Precambrian Research 114, 149–175.
| Geochronological evolution of the Moyar, Bhavani and Palghat shear zones of southern India: implications for east Gondwana correlations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Menon S, Bawa KS (1997) Applications of geographic information systems, remote-sensing, and a landscape ecology approach to biodiversity conservation in the Western Ghats. Current Science 73, 134–145.
Merino A, Ferreiro A, Salgado J, Fontúrbel MT, Barros N, Fernández C, Vega JA (2014) Use of thermal analysis and solid-state 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy to diagnose organic matter quality in relation to burn severity in Atlantic soils. Geoderma 226–227, 376–386.
| Use of thermal analysis and solid-state 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy to diagnose organic matter quality in relation to burn severity in Atlantic soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Merino A, Chavez-Vergara B, Salgado J, Fonturbel MT, García-Oliva F, Vega JA (2015) Variability in the composition of charred litter generated by wildfire in different ecosystems. Catena 133, 52–63.
| Variability in the composition of charred litter generated by wildfire in different ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXosVait74%3D&md5=9efbc536fb5f372012e4cee23100c7d3CAS |
Merino A, Omil B, Fonturbel MT, Vega JA, Balboa MA (2016) Reclamation of intensively managed soils in temperate regions by addition of wood bottom ash containing charcoal: SOM composition and microbial functional diversity. Applied Soil Ecology 100, 195–206.
| Reclamation of intensively managed soils in temperate regions by addition of wood bottom ash containing charcoal: SOM composition and microbial functional diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller AJ, Amundson R, Burke IC, Yonker C (2004) The effect of climate and cultivation on soil organic C and N. Biogeochemistry 67, 57–72.
| The effect of climate and cultivation on soil organic C and N.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSju7c%3D&md5=43e716123f097ea7e8227f720b72769dCAS |
Montané F, Romanyà J, Rovira P, Casals P (2010) Aboveground litter quality changes may drive soil organic carbon increase after shrub encroachment into mountain grasslands. Plant and Soil 337, 151–165.
| Aboveground litter quality changes may drive soil organic carbon increase after shrub encroachment into mountain grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858.
| Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhs1Olsr4%3D&md5=71d5868f650a313d8566479d12d4e6c9CAS |
Nagaraja MS, Dattaraja HS, Srinivasamurthy CA, Sukumar R (1994) Biomass and nutrient turnovers at Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and their influence on soil chemical properties. Project Report, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
Neris J, Doerr S, Tejedor M, Jimenez C, Hernandez-Moreno JM (2014) Thermal analysis as a predictor for hydrological parameters of fire-affected soils. Geoderma 235–236, 240–249.
| Thermal analysis as a predictor for hydrological parameters of fire-affected soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Otto A, Simpson MJ (2006) Sources and composition of hydrolysable aliphatic lipids and phenols in soils from western Canada. Organic Geochemistry 37, 385–407.
| Sources and composition of hydrolysable aliphatic lipids and phenols in soils from western Canada.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xit1ajtLY%3D&md5=f313a21af5dd02434a7136d76736c231CAS |
Pascal JP (1988) Wet evergreen forest of the Western Ghats of India: ecology, structure floristic composition and succession. No. XX Trav. Sec. Sci. Tech., Inst. Francise, Pondicherry, India.
Pascal JP, Ramesh BR, de Franceschi D (2004) Wet evergreen forest types of the southern Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology 45, 281–292.
Pérez-Cruzado C, Sande B, Omil B, Rovira P, Martin-Pastor M, Barros N, Salgado J, Merino A (2014) Organic matter properties in soils afforested with Pinus radiata. Plant and Soil 374, 381–398.
| Organic matter properties in soils afforested with Pinus radiata.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Posada JM, Schuur EAG (2011) Relationships among precipitation regime, nutrient availability, and carbon turnover in tropical rain forests. Oecologia 165, 783–795.
| Relationships among precipitation regime, nutrient availability, and carbon turnover in tropical rain forests.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Powers JS, Montgomery RA, Adair EC, Powers JS, Montgomery RA, Adair EC, Brearley FQ, DeWalt SJ, Castanho CT, Chave J, Deinert E, Ganzhorn JU, Gilbert ME, et al (2009) Decomposition in tropical forests: a pan-tropical study of the effects of litter type, litter placement and mesofaunal exclusion across a precipitation gradient. Journal of Ecology 97, 801–811.
| Decomposition in tropical forests: a pan-tropical study of the effects of litter type, litter placement and mesofaunal exclusion across a precipitation gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptVaku7w%3D&md5=f32256cc13e220c9ccbe4ec0f963636fCAS |
Puget P, Chenu C, Balesdent JB (2000) Dynamics of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregates. European Journal of Soil Science 51, 595–605.
| Dynamics of soil organic matter associated with particle-size fractions of water-stable aggregates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pulla S, Riotte J, Suresh HS, Dattaraja HS, Sukumar R (2016) Controls of Soil Spatial Variability in a Dry Tropical Forest. PLoS One 11, e0153212
| Controls of Soil Spatial Variability in a Dry Tropical Forest.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roa-Fuentes LL, Hidalgo C, Etchevers JD, Campo J (2013) The effects of precipitation regime on soil carbon pools on the Yucatan Peninsula. Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, 463–466.
| The effects of precipitation regime on soil carbon pools on the Yucatan Peninsula.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sala OE, Parton WJ, Joyce LA, Lauenroth WK (1988) Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States. Ecology 69, 40–45.
| Primary production of the central grassland region of the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Schmidt MWI, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knaber I, Lehmann J, Manning DAC, Nannipieri P, Rasse DP, Weiner S, Trumbore SE (2011) Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478, 49–56.
| Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht1yltrnF&md5=2c94186c492b08d14c0a7b1157a77894CAS |
Schuur EAG (2003) Productivity and global climate revisited: the sensitivity of tropical forest growth to precipitation. Ecology 84, 1165–1170.
| Productivity and global climate revisited: the sensitivity of tropical forest growth to precipitation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sharma BD, Shetty BV, Vivekanandan K, Rathakrishnan NC (1977) Flora of Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamilnadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75, 13–42.
Singh H, Singh KP (1993) Effect of residue placement and chemical fertilizer on soil microbial biomass under tropical dry land cultivation. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16, 275–281.
| Effect of residue placement and chemical fertilizer on soil microbial biomass under tropical dry land cultivation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXisVegsrY%3D&md5=c7ed188d8141304e0aa87d7d482506a4CAS |
Singh JS, Singh DP, Kashyap AK (2010) Microbial biomass C, N and P in disturbed dry tropical forest soils, India. Pedosphere 20, 780–788.
| Microbial biomass C, N and P in disturbed dry tropical forest soils, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1arsL%2FF&md5=67ae13b948e20a65050abe5038584345CAS |
Sollins P, Kramer MG, Swanston C, Lajtha K, Filley T, Aufdenkampe AK, Wagai R, Bowden RD (2009) Sequential density fractionation across soils of contrasting mineralogy: evidence for both microbial- and mineral controlled soil organic matter stabilization. Biogeochemistry 96, 209–231.
| Sequential density fractionation across soils of contrasting mineralogy: evidence for both microbial- and mineral controlled soil organic matter stabilization.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFyqsbfL&md5=2289baa645542df8109c47b8de2a583fCAS |
Sreenivas K, Dadhwal VK, Kumar S, Harsha GS, Mitran T, Sujatha G, Suresh GJR, Fyzee MA, Ravisankar T (2016) Digital mapping of soil organic and inorganic carbon status in India. Geoderma 269, 160–173.
| Digital mapping of soil organic and inorganic carbon status in India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xislyiurs%3D&md5=349c6dad767f9485b8be630e3116a2ceCAS |
Sukumar R, Suresh HS, Dattaraja HS, John R, Joshi NV (2004) Mudumalai Forest Dynamics Plot, India. In ‘Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism: Findings from a large-scale plot network’. (Eds EC Losos, EG Leigh Jr) pp. 551–563. (The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USA)
Suresh HS, Dattaraja HS, Sukumar R (2010) Relationship between annual rainfall and tree mortality in a tropical dry forest: Results of a 19-year study at Mudumalai, southern India. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 762–769.
| Relationship between annual rainfall and tree mortality in a tropical dry forest: Results of a 19-year study at Mudumalai, southern India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Suresh HS, Dattaraja HS, Mondal N, Sukumar R (2011) Seasonally dry tropical forests in southern India: an analysis of floristic composition, structure and dynamics in Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary. In ‘The ecology and conservation of seasonally dry forests in Asia’. (Eds WJ McShea, SJ Davies, N Bhumpakphan). pp. 37–58. (Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press: USA)
Tan B, Fan J, He Y, Luo S, Peng X (2014) Possible effect of soil organic carbon on its own turnover: a negative feedback. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 69, 313–319.
| Possible effect of soil organic carbon on its own turnover: a negative feedback.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXisFWmsA%3D%3D&md5=4dfad3e9b3bf14d43a9f14ec0616cc2cCAS |
Vesterdal L, Schmidt IK, Callesen I, Nilsson LO, Gundersen P (2008) Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under six common European tree species. Forest Ecology and Management 255, 35–48.
| Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under six common European tree species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wiesmeier M, Dick DP, Rumpel C, Dalmolin RSD, Hilscher A, Knicker H (2009) Depletion of soil organic carbon and nitrogen under Pinus taeda plantations in Southern Brazilian grasslands (Campos). European Journal of Soil Science 60, 347–359.
| Depletion of soil organic carbon and nitrogen under Pinus taeda plantations in Southern Brazilian grasslands (Campos).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsF2ru78%3D&md5=56b329b50ec597bed229fff269449155CAS |
Yerima BPK, Wilding LP, Hallmark CT, Calhow FG (1989) Statistical relationships among selected properties of Northern Cameroon Vertisols and associated Alfisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 53, 1758–1763.
| Statistical relationships among selected properties of Northern Cameroon Vertisols and associated Alfisols.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXpslCrtw%3D%3D&md5=34c00295c5ad37d9219d5b67d07e69b0CAS |
Zhou X, Talley M, Luo Y (2009) Biomass, litter, and soil respiration along a precipitation gradient in southern Great Plains, USA. Ecosystems 12, 1369–1380.
| Biomass, litter, and soil respiration along a precipitation gradient in southern Great Plains, USA.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFyku7rM&md5=4692ffb71a1d64e7affca8f1369d9d79CAS |
