Nitrous oxide emissions from grain production systems across a wide range of environmental conditions in eastern Australia
Henrike Mielenz A F I , Peter J. Thorburn A , Robert H. Harris B G , Sally J. Officer B H , Guangdi Li C , Graeme D. Schwenke D and Peter R. Grace E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A CSIRO Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
B Agriculture Victoria, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton Centre, Post Office Box 105, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
C NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia.
D NSW Department of Primary Industries, Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia.
E Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Level 7, P Block, Gardens Point Campus, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia.
F Present address: Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Institute for Plant and Soil Science, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
G Present address: 70 Martin Street, Dunkeld, Vic. 3294, Australia.
H Deceased.
I Corresponding author. Email: henrike.mielenz@julius-kuehn.de; h.mielenz@outlook.com
Soil Research 54(5) 659-674 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15376
Submitted: 19 December 2015 Accepted: 19 April 2016 Published: 18 July 2016
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2016 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Australian grain cropping systems are highly variable due to the large variations in soil and climate conditions and management practices under which crops are grown. Agricultural soils contribute 55% of national N2O emissions, and therefore mitigation of these emissions is important. In the present study, we explored N2O emissions, yield and emissions intensity in a range of management practices in grain crops across eastern Australia with the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM). The model was initially evaluated against experiments conducted at six field sites across major grain-growing regions in eastern Australia. Measured yields for all crops used in the experiments (wheat, barley, sorghum, maize, cotton, canola and chickpea) and seasonal N2O emissions were satisfactorily predicted with R2 = 0.93 and R2 = 0.91 respectively. As expected, N2O emissions and emissions intensity increased with increasing nitrogen (N) fertiliser input, whereas crop yields increased until a yield plateau was reached at a site- and crop-specific N rate. The mitigation potential of splitting N fertiliser application depended on the climate conditions and was found to be relevant only in the southern grain-growing region, where most rainfall occurs during the cropping season. Growing grain legumes in rotation with cereal crops has great potential to reduce mineral N fertiliser requirements and so N2O emissions. In general, N management strategies that maximise yields and increase N use efficiency showed the greatest promise for N2O mitigation.
Additional keywords: Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM), grain legumes, mitigation, model calibration, N2O, splitting fertiliser.
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