Effect of rice-husk biochar on selected soil properties in tropical Alfisols
D. N. Vidana Gamage A B , R. B. Mapa B , R. S. Dharmakeerthi B and A. Biswas A C
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada.
B Department of Soil science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
C Corresponding author. Email: asim.biswas@mcgill.ca
Soil Research 54(3) 302-310 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15102
Submitted: 10 April 2015 Accepted: 26 June 2015 Published: 21 March 2016
Abstract
Despite the large number of studies on biochar and soil properties, few studies have investigated the effects of biochar in contrasting soils. A study was conducted including four rice-husk biochar rates (0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) to understand the effects on selected soil properties of two Alfisols (sand and sandy loam) in Sri Lanka. Significant changes in soil properties including increases in pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon, water retention at field capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and reduction in bulk density, were observed at higher rates of biochar (0.5% and 1%). Mean-weight-diameter increased only at 1% biochar application rate in sandy soil, whereas it significantly increased across all the rates in sandy loam soil over the control. Electrical conductivity showed no significant increase in either soil, indicating no threat of salinity. Biochar showed a potential for ameliorating acidity, especially in slightly acidic sandy soil. Soil aggregation and water flow improved markedly in sandy loam soil over sandy soil. Further, CEC and water retention of sandy soil had pronounced effects compared with sandy loam soil. Our study highlights the importance of soil type in determining the value of rice-husk biochar as a soil amendment to improve soil aggregation, water retention and flow and CEC.
Additional keywords: biochar oxidation, dry zone soils, incubation study, soil aggregation, soil water retention, soil amendment.
References
Abel S, Peters A, Trinks S, Schonsky H, Facklam M, Wessolek G (2013) Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil. Geoderma 202–203, 183–191.| Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alburquerque JA, Calero JM, Barrón V, Torrent J, del Campillo MC, Gallardo A, Villar R (2014) Effects of biochars produced from different feedstocks on soil properties and sunflower growth. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 177, 16–25.
| Effects of biochars produced from different feedstocks on soil properties and sunflower growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Amézketa E (1999) Soil aggregate stability: a review. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 14, 83–151.
| Soil aggregate stability: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Asai H, Samson BK, Stephan HM, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K, Kiyono Y, Inoue Y, Shiraiwa T, Horie T (2009) Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield. Field Crops Research 111, 81–84.
| Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos: 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Azooz RH, Arshad MA (1996) Soil infiltration and hydraulic conductivity under long-term no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, 143–152.
Bandara MHMA (2001) Country Report, Sri Lanka. In ‘Meeting of the Programme Advisory Committee (PAC)’. Ayutthaya, Thailand. Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Black GR, Hartge KH (1986) Bulk density. In ‘Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods’. Agronomy Monograph 9. (Ed. A Klute) pp. 363–382. (American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA)
Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2008) Soil erosion and food security. In ‘Principles of soil conservation and management’. pp. 493–512. (Springer: Wageningen, The Netherlands)
Brockhoff SR, Christians NE, Killorn RJ, Horton R, Davis DD (2010) Physical and mineral-nutrition properties of sand-based turfgrass root zones amended with biochar. Agronomy Journal 102, 1627–1631.
| Physical and mineral-nutrition properties of sand-based turfgrass root zones amended with biochar.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bruun EW, Petersen CT, Hansen E, Holm JK, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2014) Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention. Soil Use and Management 30, 109–118.
| Biochar amendment to coarse sandy subsoil improves root growth and increases water retention.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Busscher WJ, Novak JM, Evans DE, Watts DW, Niandou MAS, Ahmedna M (2010) Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand. Soil Science 175, 10–14.
| Influence of pecan biochar on physical properties of a Norfolk loamy sand.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotVygtg%3D%3D&md5=c88f8839744fa7feff536324a8bca0cbCAS |
Chan YC, Vowles PD, McTainsh GH, Simpson RW, Cohen DD, Bailey GM (1995) Use of a modified Walkley–Black method to determine the organic and elemental carbon content of urban aerosols collected on glass fibre filters. Chemosphere 31, 4403–4411.
| Use of a modified Walkley–Black method to determine the organic and elemental carbon content of urban aerosols collected on glass fibre filters.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXhtVSisLbE&md5=dc2472ea207336488bfddacea8d4b9d2CAS |
Chan KY, Van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2007) Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research 45, 629–634.
| Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVamtbnM&md5=250a15fa90870c0abf5474848cce7991CAS |
Chen H, Du Z, Guo W, Zhang Q (2011) Effects of biochar amendment on cropland soil bulk density, cation exchange capacity, and particulate organic matter content in the North China Plain. Journal of Applied Ecology 22, 2930–2934.
Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Thies JE, Burton SD, Engelhard MH (2006) Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes. Organic Geochemistry 37, 1477–1488.
| Oxidation of black carbon by biotic and abiotic processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFylurbO&md5=e2e322f7cb10b1c3bb2ddf19ff85ebdeCAS |
Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Engelhard MH (2008) Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: Changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 72, 1598–1610.
| Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: Changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXivFOjurg%3D&md5=fe3c46e02f794cf407cccddd20d7083cCAS |
Chintala R, Mollinedo J, Schumacher TE, Malo DD, Julson JL (2014) Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 60, 393–404.
| Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlslejs7k%3D&md5=4aa1fbc85d4936d8d8d89794fffca367CAS |
Dai Z, Wang Y, Muhammad N, Yu X, Xiao K, Meng J, Liu X, Xu J, Brookes PC (2014) The effects and mechanisms of soil acidity changes, following incorporation of biochars in three soils differing in initial pH. Soil Scociety of America Journal 78, 1606–1614.
| The effects and mechanisms of soil acidity changes, following incorporation of biochars in three soils differing in initial pH.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Deenik JL, Diarra A, Uehara G, Campbell S, Sumiyoshi Y, Antal MJJ (2011) Charcoal ash and volatile matter effects on soil properties and plant growth in an acid Ultisol. Soil Science 176, 336–345.
| Charcoal ash and volatile matter effects on soil properties and plant growth in an acid Ultisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXot1Clur8%3D&md5=f77a8b9f0e5383fbb1281fcac710e615CAS |
Dharmakeerthi RS, Chandrasiri JAS, Edirimanne VU (2012) Effect of rubber wood biochar on nutrition and growth of nursery plants of Hevea brasiliensis established in an Ultisol. SpringerPlus 1, 84–86.
| Effect of rubber wood biochar on nutrition and growth of nursery plants of Hevea brasiliensis established in an Ultisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23420712PubMed |
Dimantha S (1994) Soil scientists should lead the land use planning in Sri Lanka. Soil Science Society of SriLanka 8, 1–15.
Fang Y, Singh B, Singh BP, Krull E (2014) Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils. European Journal of Soil Science 65, 60–71.
| Biochar carbon stability in four contrasting soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXnt1entw%3D%3D&md5=387950a9dc8508e823773ca2a2fa0451CAS |
Gee GW, Or D (2002) Particle-size analysis. In ‘Methods of soil analysis: Part 4. Physical methods’. (Eds JH Dane, CG Topp) pp. 255–293. (Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)
Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35, 219–230.
Hardie M, Clothier B, Bound S, Oliver G, Close D (2014) Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability? Plant and Soil 376, 347–361.
| Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFajsbbM&md5=6bcf2f29804820b819d1acf89aa4435fCAS |
Herath HMSK, Camps-Arbestain M, Hedley M (2013) Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: An Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma 209–210, 188–197.
| Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: An Alfisol and an Andisol.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hossain MK, Strezov V, Yin Chan K, Nelson PF (2010) Agronomic properties of wastewater sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in production of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Chemosphere 78, 1167–1171.
| Agronomic properties of wastewater sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in production of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhslWqsLw%3D&md5=5e7b679cfcf45f5a92212a1045226661CAS | 20110103PubMed |
Jien SH, Wang CS (2013) Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena 110, 225–233.
| Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtFOns7%2FP&md5=3dcbe464a18969f0d990a1a7d9956893CAS |
Kammann C, Linsel S, Gobling J, Koyro H-W (2011) Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil–plant relations. Plant and Soil 345, 195–210.
| Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil–plant relations.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXptFymtL0%3D&md5=5ff0a87c2786539b6db2793778e45c47CAS |
Kinney TJ, Masiello CA, Dugan B, Hockaday WC, Dean MR, Zygourakis K, Barnes RT (2012) Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures. Biomass and Bioenergy 41, 34–43.
| Hydrologic properties of biochars produced at different temperatures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xls1WhtLo%3D&md5=67e81e12038669a5604acd1b691db755CAS |
Klute A, Dirksen C (1986) Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: laboratory methods. In ‘Methods of soil analysis: Part 1. Physical and mineralogical methods’. (Ed. A Klute) pp. 687–734. (Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)
Kristiansen SM, Schjonning P, Thomsen IK, Olesen JE, Kristensen K, Christensen BT (2006) Similarity of differently sized macro-aggregates in arable soils of different texture. Geoderma 137, 147–154.
| Similarity of differently sized macro-aggregates in arable soils of different texture.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhtlals7bK&md5=2d16628eff9ea29f5bceaf26729e9d5fCAS |
Kumaragamage D, Kendaragama KMA (2000) Risk and limitations of dry zone soils. In ‘Soils of the dry zone of Sri Lanka’. (Eds RB Mapa, S Somasiri and AR Dasanayake) pp. 239–258. (Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha: Colombo, Sri Lanka)
Lal R (2004) Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science 304, 1623–1627.
| Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXks1Cgsrk%3D&md5=d7f39acdbb742c02109c7d81811f22cfCAS | 15192216PubMed |
Le Bissonnais Y (1996) Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 425–437.
| Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility: Theory and methodology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Liang B, Lehmann J (2006) Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, 1719–1730.
| Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xpsl2lsbo%3D&md5=d7211620d58268452981dd05fa15777bCAS |
Liang B, Lehmann J (2010) Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil. Organic Geochemistry 41, 206–213.
| Black carbon affects the cycling of non-black carbon in soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmvV2nsQ%3D%3D&md5=cc336f4ae0ec83f73d651c4ae4a80e21CAS |
Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Kinyangi J, Grossman J, O’neill B, Skjemstad J, Thies J, Luizao F, Petersen J (2006) Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 70, 1719–1730.
Lin Y, Munroe P, Joseph S, Kimber S, Van Zwieten L (2012) Nanoscale organo-mineral reactions of biochars in ferrosol: an investigation using microscopy. Plant and Soil 357, 369–380.
| Nanoscale organo-mineral reactions of biochars in ferrosol: an investigation using microscopy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVegt7bE&md5=7cba2f3edee937b172dfe58c3a9c7ae4CAS |
Liu Z, Chen X, Jing Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Huang Q (2014) Effects of biochar amendment on rapeseed and sweet potato yields and water stable aggregate in upland red soil. Catena 123, 45–51.
| Effects of biochar amendment on rapeseed and sweet potato yields and water stable aggregate in upland red soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlWrs7fO&md5=ab764c5192f4320ef3a19aed2246b212CAS |
Lu S-G, Sun F-F, Zong Y-T (2014) Effect of rice husk biochar and coal fly ash on some physical properties of expansive clayey soil (Vertisol). Catena 114, 37–44.
| Effect of rice husk biochar and coal fly ash on some physical properties of expansive clayey soil (Vertisol).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lyles L, Dickerson J, Disrud A (1970) Modified rotary sieve for improved accuracy. Soil Science 109, 207–210.
| Modified rotary sieve for improved accuracy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Major J, Lehmann J, Rondon M, Goodale C (2010) Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration. Global Change Biology 16, 1366–1379.
| Fate of soil-applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mapa RB, Bodhinayake W (1988) Charaterization of soil moisture retention relationship in non calcic brown soils (Haplustalfs). Tropical Agriculturist 144, 145–153.
Mapa RB, Pathmarajah S (1995) Contrasts in the physical properties of three soils of an Alfisol catena in Sri Lanka. Soil Use and Management 11, 90–93.
| Contrasts in the physical properties of three soils of an Alfisol catena in Sri Lanka.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mapa RB, Jayarathne P, Dharmakeerthi RS (2012) Effect of biochar on soil water retention at low suction levels. In ‘International Symposium on Agriculture and Environment’. pp. 143–145. (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya: Sri Lanka)
Masulili A, Utomo WH, Syechfani MS (2010) Rice husk biochar for rice based cropping system in acid soil 1. The characteristics of rice husk biochar and its influence on the properties of acid sulfate soils and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Journal of Agricultural Science 2, 39–47.
Messing I, Jarvis NJ (1993) Temporal variation in the hydraulic conductivity of a tilled clay soil as measured by tension infiltrometers. Journal of Soil Science 44, 11–24.
Nigussie A, Kissi E, Misganaw M, Ambaw G (2012) Effect of biochar application on soil properties and nutrient uptake of lettuces (Lactuca sativa) grown in chromium polluted soils. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science 12, 369–376.
Novak JM, Busscher WJ, Laird DL, Ahmedna M, Watts DW, Niandou MAS (2009) Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a Southeastern Coastal Plain soil. Soil Science 174, 105–112.
| Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a Southeastern Coastal Plain soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvVSkt78%3D&md5=7ce2802858977ea310488d5bf7e39f4eCAS |
Peng X, Ye LL, Wang CH, Zhou H, Sun B (2011) Temperature and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: Characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an Ultisol in southern China. Soil & Tillage Research 112, 159–166.
| Temperature and duration-dependent rice straw-derived biochar: Characteristics and its effects on soil properties of an Ultisol in southern China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Raison RJ (1979) Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: A review. Plant and Soil 51, 73–108.
| Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformations: A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXhvVGntrY%3D&md5=b2346c112a26df964c2e3e70f83ecdcbCAS |
Rajkovich S, Enders A, Hanley K, Hyland C, Zimmerman A, Lehmann J (2012) Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 48, 271–284.
| Corn growth and nitrogen nutrition after additions of biochars with varying properties to a temperate soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xjs1Cksbk%3D&md5=e065703fbee8544a8c50803fd54be5e8CAS |
Rogovska N, Laird DA, Rathke SJ, Karlen DL (2014) Biochar impact on Midwestern Mollisols and maize nutrient availability. Geoderma 230–231, 340–347.
| Biochar impact on Midwestern Mollisols and maize nutrient availability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Romano N, Hopmans J, Dane J (2002) Water retention and storage: suction table. In ‘Methods of soil analysis. Part 4. Physical methods’. (Eds JH Dane and CG Topp) pp. 692–698. (Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)
Rosegrant MW, Cline SA (2003) Global food security: challenges and policies. Science 302, 1917–1919.
| Global food security: challenges and policies.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXps1amsb4%3D&md5=43566f843515a2f1eac475b001e5ba86CAS | 14671289PubMed |
Sanjeevani UKP, Indraratne SP, Weerasooriya SVR, Vitharana WAU (2013) Characterization of an alfisol collected from dry zone of Sri Lanka to elucidate the retention mechanisms of pollutants. Tropical Agricultural Research 24, 258–269.
| Characterization of an alfisol collected from dry zone of Sri Lanka to elucidate the retention mechanisms of pollutants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
SAS Institute Inc (2012) ‘SAS for Microsoft Windows 64 bit system.’ (SAS Institute: Cary, NC)
Sekar S, Hottle R, Lal R (2014) Effects of Biochar and Anaerobic Digester Effluent on Soil Quality and Crop Growth in Karnataka, India. Agricultural Research 3, 137–147.
| Effects of Biochar and Anaerobic Digester Effluent on Soil Quality and Crop Growth in Karnataka, India.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXosVWhtbY%3D&md5=caa80d7f1d08aa8df9340051a50a3ee7CAS |
Silva GGRD, Dassanayake AR (2010) Dry zone soils derived from erosional surface. In ‘Soils of the Dry Zone of the Sri Lanka, Special Publication 7.’ (Eds RB Mapa, S Somasiri and AR Dassanayake) pp. 79–176. (Soil Sciecne Society of Sri Lanka) Soil Survey Staff (2014) ‘Keys to Soil Taxonomy’. 12 edn. (USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington DC)
Soil Survey Staff (2014) ‘Keys to Soil Taxonomy.’ 12th edn (USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service: Washington, DC)
Sumner ME, Miller WP (1996) Cation exchange capacity and exchange coefficients. In ‘Methods of soil analysis Part 3: Chemical methods’. (Eds DL Sparks, AL Page, PA Helmke and RH Loeppert) pp. 1201–1229. (Soil Science Society of America, American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI, USA)
Sun ZC, Moldrup P, Elsgaard L, Arthur E, Bruun EW, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, de Jonge LW (2013) Direct and indirect short-term effects of biochar on physical characteristics of an arable sandy loam. Soil Science 178, 465–473.
| Direct and indirect short-term effects of biochar on physical characteristics of an arable sandy loam.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFejtrjM&md5=df51f5e160fbd94519aa50ba69cd432eCAS |
Tammeorg P, Simojoki A, Mäkelä P, Stoddard F, Alakukku L, Helenius J (2014) Biochar application to a fertile sandy clay loam in boreal conditions: effects on soil properties and yield formation of wheat, turnip rape and faba bean. Plant and Soil 374, 89–107.
| Biochar application to a fertile sandy clay loam in boreal conditions: effects on soil properties and yield formation of wheat, turnip rape and faba bean.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1OhsrzI&md5=fa957d51cccf2bb17957fdad91e9a382CAS |
Tejada M, Gonzalez JL (2007) Influence of organic amendments on soil structure and soil loss under simulated rain. Soil & Tillage Research 93, 197–205.
| Influence of organic amendments on soil structure and soil loss under simulated rain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tryon EH (1948) Effect of charcoal on certain physical, chemical, and biological properties of forest soils. Ecological Monographs 18, 81–115.
| Effect of charcoal on certain physical, chemical, and biological properties of forest soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaG3cXltVWrug%3D%3D&md5=251f6abce992dbd4eac2f2f038d638a5CAS |
Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E (2011a) Influence of biochar application on sandy soil hydraulic properties and nutrient retention. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 9, 1137–1143.
Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E (2011b) Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use and Management 27, 205–212.
| Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A (2010) Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil 327, 235–246.
| Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslCmuw%3D%3D&md5=a6a941473be3fce571b3551b2219f6f5CAS |
Wick AF, Huzurbazar SV, Stahl PD (2009) Use of Bayesian methods to model soil aggregation in undisturbed semiarid grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, 1707–1714.
| Use of Bayesian methods to model soil aggregation in undisturbed semiarid grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFSqu7vO&md5=c3a31ba3737cc42aaecb97234e6ebe70CAS |
Wickramasinghe DB, Rowell DL (2006) The release of silicon from amorphous silica and rice straw in Sri Lankan soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42, 231–240.
| The release of silicon from amorphous silica and rice straw in Sri Lankan soils.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVajtLY%3D&md5=778ee638f823f4a6ef0d4bf637d95452CAS |
Zhang A, Cui L, Pan G, Li L, Hussain Q, Zhang X, Zheng J, Crowley D (2010) Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, 469–475.
| Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjs1eisw%3D%3D&md5=377069906b9b4b4449e1e4db4913743eCAS |
Zimmerman AR (2010) Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory produced black carbon (biochar). Environmental Science & Technology 44, 1295–1301.
| Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory produced black carbon (biochar).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmslWgug%3D%3D&md5=2c0920a9611d5e2341990d9da81a41a0CAS |
