Opportunities and constraints for biochar technology in Australian agriculture: looking beyond carbon sequestration
Balwant Singh A L , Lynne M. Macdonald B , Rai S. Kookana B , Lukas van Zwieten C , Greg Butler D , Stephen Joseph E F , Anthony Weatherley G , Bhawana B. Kaudal G , Andrew Regan H , Julie Cattle I , Feike Dijkstra A , Mark Boersma J , Stephen Kimber C , Alexander Keith A and Maryam Esfandbod K
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.
B CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
C NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1243 Bruxner Highway, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia.
D SANTFA, 190 Main North Road, Clare, SA 5453, Australia.
E Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
F School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
G Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia.
H BDM Resources, PO Box 507, Hamilton, NSW 2303, Australia.
I NSW Environment Protection Authority, PO Box A290, Sydney South, NSW 1232, Australia.
J Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, PB 3523, Burnie, Tas. 7320, Australia.
K Environmental Futures Research Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia.
L Corresponding author. Email: balwant.singh@sydney.edu.au
Soil Research 52(8) 739-750 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14112
Submitted: 1 May 2014 Accepted: 25 August 2014 Published: 5 November 2014
Journal Compilation © CSIRO Publishing 2014 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
The application of biochar technology for soil amendment is largely based on evidence about soil fertility and crop productivity gains made in the Amazonian Black Earth (terra preta). However, the uncertainty of production gains at realistic application rates of biochars and lack of knowledge about other benefits and other concerns may have resulted in poor uptake of biochar technology in Australia so far. In this review, we identify important opportunities as well as challenges in the adoption of biochar technology for broadacre farming and other sectors in Australia. The paper highlights that for biochar technology to be cost-effective and successful, we need to look beyond carbon sequestration and explore other opportunities to value-add to biochar. Therefore, some emerging and novel applications of biochar are identified. We also suggest some priority research areas that need immediate attention in order to realise the full potential of biochar technology in agriculture and other sectors in Australia.
Additional keywords: biochar characterisation, contaminants, herbicide efficacy, heavy metals, nitrous oxide, plant growth media, regulations.
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