Deep drainage rates of Grey Vertosols depend on land use in semi-arid subtropical regions of Queensland, Australia
D. M. Silburn A F , P. E. Tolmie A , A. J. W. Biggs B C , J. P. M. Whish D and V. French E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, Department of Environment and Resource Management, PO Box 318, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
B Department of Environment and Resource Management, PO Box 318, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
C The University of Queensland, School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.
D Agricultural Production Systems Research Unit, CSIRO, PO Box 318, Toowoomba, Qld 4350, Australia.
E Formerly: Primary Industries and Fisheries, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, PO Box 61, Miles, Qld 4415, Australia.
F Corresponding author. Email: mark.silburn@derm.qld.gov.au
Soil Research 49(5) 424-438 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR10216
Submitted: 18 October 2010 Accepted: 8 April 2011 Published: 12 July 2011
Abstract
Changes in land use can affect the soil water balance and mobilise primary salinity. This paper examines changes in soil chloride (Cl) and deep drainage under pasture and annual cropping on five gilgaied Grey Vertosols in southern inland Queensland, Australia, comparing them to remnant native vegetation. Transient soil Cl mass-balance (CMB) was used for crop and pasture sites, as it is suitable for determining the long-term, low rates of drainage since clearing some 40–50 years ago. Steady-state CMB was used for native vegetation.
Large masses of salts and Cl were stored under native vegetation (31–103 t/ha of Cl to 3.2 m), and deep drainage was low (0.10–0.27 mm/year). The Cl profiles were generally of a normal shape for matrix flow (e.g. no bypass flow). Soil Cl was lost under cropping (average 65% lost to 1.4 m) and pasture (32%) compared with native vegetation. This lost Cl was not stored within the top 4–5 m of soil, indicating movement of water below 4–5 m. Deep drainage averaged 10 mm/year under cropping for both gilgai mounds and depressions (range 2.7–25 mm/year), and 3.3 and 5.1 mm/year under pasture for mounds and depressions, respectively. Subsoil (depth 1.5–4+ m) was generally dry under native vegetation and wetter under cropping and pasture. Deep drainage over the last 40–50 years was stored in the unsaturated zone (to deeper than 4+ m), indicating a long time lag between land-use change and groundwater response. Steady-state CMB greatly underestimated drainage for crop and pasture sites.
Additional keywords: dryland salinity, gilgai, native vegetation, Queensland, steady-state mass-balance, tillage, transient mass-balance, Vertosol.
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