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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Contents Vol 48(5)

Measurement and estimation of land-use effects on soil carbon and related properties for soil monitoring: a study on a basalt landscape of northern New South Wales, Australia

Brian R. Wilson A B D , Phoebe Barnes B , Terry B. Koen C , Subhadip Ghosh B and Dacre King A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations

A NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, PO Box U221, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

B School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.

C NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water, PO Box 445, Cowra, NSW 2794, Australia.

D Corresponding author. Email: brian.wilson@environment.nsw.gov.au

Australian Journal of Soil Research 48(5) 421-433 https://doi.org/10.1071/SR09146
Submitted: 13 August 2009  Accepted: 4 March 2010   Published: 6 August 2010

Abstract

There is a growing need for information relating to soil condition, its current status, and the nature and direction of change in response to management pressures. Monitoring is therefore being promoted regionally, nationally, and internationally to assess and evaluate soil condition for the purposes of reporting and prioritisation of funding for natural resource management. Several technical and methodological obstacles remain that impede the broad-scale implementation of measurement and monitoring schemes, and we present a dataset designed to (i) assess the optimum size of sample site for soil monitoring, (ii) determine optimum sample numbers required across a site to estimate soil properties to known levels of precision and confidence, and (iii) assess differences in the selected soil properties between a range of land-use types across a basalt landscape of northern NSW. Sample site size was found to be arbitrary and a sample area 25 by 25 m provided a suitable estimate of soil properties at each site. Calculated optimum sample numbers differed between soil property, depth, and land use. Soil pH had a relatively low variability across the sites studied, whereas carbon, nitrogen, and bulk density had large variability. Variability was particularly high for woodland soils and in the deeper soil layers. A sampling intensity of 10 samples across a sampling area 25 by 25 m was found to yield adequate precision and confidence in the soil data generated. Clear and significant differences were detected between land-use types for the various soil properties determined but these effects were restricted to the near-surface soil layers (0–50 and 50–100 mm). Land use has a profound impact on soil properties near to the soil surface, and woodland soils at these depths had significantly higher carbon, nitrogen, and pH and lower bulk density than the other land uses. Soil properties between the other non-woodland land-use types were largely similar, apart from a modestly higher carbon content and higher soil acidity under improved pasture. Data for soil carbon assessment should account for equivalent mass, since this significantly modified carbon densities, particularly for the lighter woodland soils. Woodland soils had larger quantities of carbon (T/ha corrected for equivalent mass) than any other land-use type, and in order to maintain the largest quantity of carbon in this landscape, retaining trees and woodland is the most effective option. Results from this work are being used to inform further development the NSW Statewide Soil Monitoring Program.


Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the various landholders across the Northern Tablelands for their assistance in accessing and establishing soil monitoring and research sites. We also acknowledge the funding support of the NSW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water through the Statewide Land and Soil Condition Monitoring Program. Special thanks are extended to Greg Chapman, Peter Barker, and Brian Murphy for constructive comments on the work reported. Thanks also to ananymous referees for constructive comments on our original manuscript.


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