Psychotria sensu lato, Rubiaceae, has a high diversity of characters, and has been the subject of taxonomic and systematic controversies among authors. The anatomical development of fruits can be employed in a taxonomical study of the group. Our results showed that the fruit features can be useful in species identification, but the structural similarity of the fruits among all the analysed species suggests the maintenance of the genera Palicourea and Psychotria within tribe Psychotrieae.

The Australian genus Ptilotus (mulla mulla) is one of the most diverse genera in the amaranth family. Its closest relative occurs in Africa and Asia and is species-poor. Ptilotus was found to derive from an ancestor that arrived in Australia and diversified rapidly during an era of intense aridification events in Australia. Wet tropical and temperate Ptilotus species appear to be the product of more recent independent radiations from the drier regions, which are the origin of much of the current diversity.

Many macroalgal species are difficult to identify to the species level because of their morphological simplicity, phenotypic variation and frequent homoplasies. DNA barcode is a molecular technique that helps identify morphologically challenging specimens. We applied DNA barcoding techniques and species delimitation methods to study species diversity of the common intertidal brown algal genus Colpomenia in south-south-eastern Australia. We confirm the presence of three Colpomenia species in southern–south-eastern Australia, although there are four species described for this region. Future research including more widespread sampling is required to assess further Colpomenia species diversity across the entire country.