Extrafloral nectaries in Leguminosae: phylogenetic distribution, morphological diversity and evolution
Brigitte Marazzi
A F , Ana Maria Gonzalez B , Alfonso Delgado-Salinas C , Melissa A. Luckow D , Jens J. Ringelberg E and Colin E. Hughes E
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Natural History Museum of Canton Ticino, Viale C. Cattaneo 4, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland.
B Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina.
C Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Departamento de Botánica, Apartado Postal 70-233, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
D Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
E Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
F Corresponding author. Email: marazzibrigitte@gmail.com
Australian Systematic Botany 32(6) 409-458 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB19012
Submitted: 1 February 2019 Accepted: 28 May 2019 Published: 30 September 2019
Journal Compilation © CSIRO 2019 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) mediating ecologically important ant–plant protection mutualisms are especially common and unusually diverse in the Leguminosae. We present the first comprehensively curated list of legume genera with EFNs, detailing and illustrating their systematic and phylogenetic distributions, locations on the plant, morphology and anatomy, on the basis of a unified classification of EFN categories and a time-calibrated phylogeny, incorporating 710 of the 768 genera. This new synthesis, the first since Mckey (1989)’s seminal paper, increases the number of genera with EFNs to 153 (20% of legumes), distributed across subfamilies Cercidoideae (1), Detarioideae (19), Caesalpinioideae (87) and Papilionoideae (46). EFNs occur at nine locations, and are most prevalent on vegetative plant parts, especially leaves (74%) and inflorescence axes (26%). Four main categories (with eight subcategories) are recognised and include the following: formless, trichomatic (exposed, hollow), parenchymatic (embedded, pit, flat, elevated) and abscission zone EFNs (non-differentiated, swollen scars). Phylogenetic reconstruction of EFNs suggests independent evolutionary trajectories of different EFN types, with elevated EFNs restricted almost exclusively to Caesalpinioideae (where they underwent spectacular morphological disparification), flat EFNs in Detarioideae, swollen scar EFNs in Papilionoideae, and Cercidoideae is the only subfamily bearing intrastipular EFNs. We discuss the complex evolutionary history of EFNs and highlight future research directions.
Additional keywords: ant–plant interactions, extranuptial nectaries, Fabaceae, mutualism, nectar, plant defense, legume phylogeny.
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