The unexpected, recent history of horsetails in Australia
Andrew C. Rozefelds
A B D , Mary E. Dettmann A , Anita K. Milroy C , Andrew Hammond B , H. Trevor Clifford A and Merrick Ekins A
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Queensland Museum, 122 Gerler Road, Hendra, Qld 4011, Australia.
B School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, 554–700 Yaamba Road, Norman Gardens, Rockhampton, Qld 4701, Australia.
C Central Queensland University, Capricorn Highway, Emerald, Qld 4720, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: andrew.rozefelds@qm.qld.gov.au
Australian Systematic Botany 32(3) 255-268 https://doi.org/10.1071/SB18033
Submitted: 11 May 2018 Accepted: 10 April 2019 Published: 14 June 2019
Abstract
A new fossil flora from central Queensland, of late Eocene or early Oligocene age, has yielded a diverse assemblage of flowering plants and ferns, including the first evidence of horsetails (Equisetum L.) from the Cenozoic of Australia. The fossils assigned to Equisetum are based on a stem fragment, 2–3 mm in diameter, and spreading leaf sheath and diaphragm. The leaf sheath is interpreted to consist of ~24–30 leaves. The spatial arrangement of regularly arranged depressions in a section of the outer cortex is interpreted as evidence of the leaf vascular traces, and indicates a similar number of vascular traces. This specimen provides the youngest evidence of the genus from Australia and indicates that Equisetum survived for at least another 50 million years after it was thought to be extinct in Australia. Whereas molecular data for extant species of Equisetum collectively suggest a comparatively recent origin and radiation, the fossil record of the genus indicates a significantly longer and more complex history. Fossils, such as the new specimen from Makowata, Queensland, will, therefore, play a key role in understanding the history and past distribution of Equisetum in Australia. A key challenge is to assemble and characterise the morphological traits of these living and fossil plants to better understand the origins, history and radiation of this remarkable group of euphyllophytes.
Additional keywords: Equisetites, Equisetaceae, Equisetales, fossil record, Cenozoic, youngest Australian record.
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