Evolving nature-based solutions for Australia’s Indigenous estate in 2024 – opportunities and challenges
Jeremy Russell-Smith A , Jarrad Holmes B , Ben Lewis C , John Brisbin D and Kamaljit K. Sangha
A *
A
B
C
D
Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest and potential for investment in Nature-based Solutions (NbS) to protect, manage or restore ecosystems through incentive schemes including Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), Nature Repair, Carbon Markets, Common Asset Trusts. Collectively, these NbS markets establish interchangeable mechanisms to help address biodiversity and climate crises, as well as socio-economic issues concerning many Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs). IPLCs manage and/or own almost 32% of the world’s land area through customary and community-based tenure arrangements. Since 2000 several PES schemes have been implemented in Australia. These schemes have been overwhelmingly implemented as public-good expenditure, with governments providing ~90% of total funding. Indigenous people have either the legal right to run or veto a carbon market or nature repair project over 57% of the Australian land mass, increasing to 63% in savanna and 85% in desert regions. Here we critically assess opportunities and challenges for Australia’s Indigenous estate associated with existing and emerging NbS market approaches, especially the Commonwealth’s current Savanna Fire Management (SFM) and Human Induced Regeneration methods, evolving Integrated Farm & Land Management (IFLM) and Blue Carbon methods, and proposed Nature Repair (NR) market. To date, Indigenous NbS interests have focused especially on SFM across northern Australia, with prospective opportunities especially for IFLM and NR markets. Most available schemes focus on remediation of degraded lands and seas, ignoring cost-effective investment opportunities to maintain habitats and ecosystems in less-degraded condition. Government-supported Common Asset Trusts can provide effective models for governance of stewardship schemes relevant to on-going care for relatively intact ecosystems. In Discussion we summarise key methodological, institutional, and policy opportunities and challenges for constructive Indigenous engagement with developing NbS markets. Our purpose is to provide an Indigenous land and sea management context to inform development of rapidly evolving NbS markets in Australia.
Keywords: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Australia, carbon markets, common asset trusts, Indigenous, nature repair, nature-based solutions, payments for environmental services, stewardship.
References
Ansell J, Evans J, Rangers A, Rangers AS, Rangers D, Rangers J, Rangers M, Rangers NN, Rangers W, Rangers Y, Rangers YM (2020) Contemporary Aboriginal savanna burning projects in Arnhem Land: a regional description and analysis of the fire management aspirations of Traditional Owners. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, 371-385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Archer R, Russell-Smith J, Kerins S, Costanza R, Edwards A, Sangha K (2019) Change and continuity: the North Australian cultural landscape. In ‘Sustainable Land Sector Development in Northern Australia: Indigenous Rights, Aspirations, and Cultural Responsibilities’. (Eds J Russell-Smith, G James, H Pedersen, K Sangha) pp. 9–34. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Ash AJ, McIvor JG, Mott JJ, Andrew MH (1997) Building grass castles: integrating ecology and management of Australia’s tropical tallgrass rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 19, 123-144.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Badola R, Ahmed T, Gill AK, Dobriyal P, Das GC, Badola S, Hussain S (2021) An incentive-based mitigation strategy to encourage coexistence of large mammals and humans along the foothills of Indian Western Himalayas. Scienctific Reports 11(1), 5235.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Baumber A, Metternicht G, Cross R, Ruoso L, Cowie A, Waters C (2019) Promoting co-benefits of carbon farming in Oceania: applying and adapting approaches and metrics from existing market-based schemes. Ecosystem Services 39, 100982.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bears RC (2020) ‘Nature-Based Solutions to 21st Century Challenges.’ (Routledge) 10.4324/9780429294600
Bell-James J, Foster R, Shumway N (2023) The permitting process for marine and coastal restoration: a barrier to achieving global restoration targets. Conservation Science and Policy 5, e13050.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bowman DMJS, Borchers-Arriagada N, Macintosh A, Butler DW, Williamson GJ, Johnston FH (2024) Climate change must be factored into savanna carbon-management projects to avoid maladaptation: the case of worsening air pollution in western Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia. The Rangeland Journal 46, RJ23049.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Bristow M, Hutley LB, Beringer J, Livesley J, Edwards AC, Arndt SK (2016) Quantifying the relative importance of greenhouse gas emissions from current and future savanna land use change across northern Australia. Biogeosciences 13, 6285-6303.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Brodie J, Pearson RG (2016) Ecosystem health of the Great Barrier Reef: time for effective management action based on evidence. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 183, 438-451.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Brown A, Howey K, Black J (2022) ‘Our nature, our future: the case for next-generation biodiversity conservation laws for the Northern Territory.’ (Environment Centre NT: Darwin) Available at https://assets.nationbuilder.com/ecnt/pages/759/attachments/original/1670951406/ECNT_Nature_Laws_Discussion_Paper_WEB.pdf?1670951406
CoA (2011) Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act 2011. Commonwealth of Australia. Available at https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2011A00101/latest/text
CoA (2013) Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Early Dry Season Savanna Burning–1.1) Methodology Determination 2013. Commonwealth of Australia. (Australian Government). Available at http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/F2013L01165
CoA (2015a) ‘Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative–Emissions Abatement through Savanna Fire Management) Methodology Determination 2015.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Australian Government). Available at http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L00344)
CoA (2018a) ‘Native title, legal right and eligible interest-holder consent guidance.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government) Available at https://cer.gov.au/document/native-title-legal-right-and-eligible-interest-holder-consent-guidance
CoA (2018b) ‘Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative–Savanna Fire Management–Emissions Avoidance) Methodology Determination 2018.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Dept Environment and Energy, Australian Government) Available at https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2018L00560/latest/text
CoA (2022) ‘Carbon Credits (Carbon Farming Initiative– Tidal Restoration of Blue Carbon Ecosystems) Methodology Determination 2022.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government) Available at https://www.legislation.gov.au/F2022L00046/latest/versions
CoA (2023a) ‘Nature Repair Bill, 2023.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Department for Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australian Government) Available at https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r7014
CoA (2023b) ‘Australian carbon credit units issued.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government) Available at https://cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/markets/accu-project-and-contract-register?view=Projects
CoA (2024a) ‘Commonwealth of Australia (2024) Updates to Australia’s Strategy for Nature.’ (Australian Government: Canberra) Available at https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/biodiversity/conservation/strategy [accessed 29 April 2024]
CoA (2024b) ‘Emissions Reduction Fund project register. Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government’. (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra) Available at https://cer.gov.au/markets/reports-and-data/accu-project-and-contract-register?view=Projects [data downloaded 9 April 2024, file last updated 17 March 2024]
CoA (2024c)’ Area-based Emissions Reduction Fund (ACCU Scheme) projects.’ (Clean Energy Regulator, Australian Government) (Commonwealth of Australia: Canberra) Available at https://data.gov.au/dataset/ds-dga-4eac1209-869f-466f-b583-70ffded90a56/details [data downloaded 9 April 2024, file last updated 17 January 2024]
CoA (2024d) ‘Coastal Blue Carbon Ecosystems.’ Commonwealth of Australia. (Department of Climate Change, Energy, Environment and Water) Available at https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/policy/ocean-sustainability/coastal-blue-carbon-ecosystems [accessed 4 April 2024]
CoA (2024e) ‘Northern Australia Action Plan 2024–2029.’ Commonwealth of Australia, (Office of Northern Australia). Availabale at https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/northern-australia-action-plan-2024-2029.pdf
Corey B, Andersen AN, Legge S, Woinarski JCZ, Radford IJ, Perry JJ (2020) Better biodiversity accounting is needed to prevent bioperversity and maximise co-benefits from savanna burning. Conservation Letters 13, e12685.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Costanza R, Atkins PWB, Hernandez-Blanco M, Kubiszewski I (2021) Common asset trusts to effectively steward natural capital and ecosystem services at multiple scales. Journal of Environmental Management 280, 111801.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Dawson NM, Coolsaet B, Sterling EJ, Loveridge R, Gross-Camp ND, Wongbusarakum S, Sangha KK, Scherl LM, Phan HP, Zafra-Calvo N, Lavey WG, Byakagaba P, Idrobo CJ, Chenet A, Bennett NJ, Mansourian S, Rosado-May FJ (2021) The role of Indigenous peoples and local communities in effective and equitable conservation. Ecology and Society 26, 19.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Dore J, Michael C, Russell-Smith J, Tehan M, Caripes M (2014) Carbon projects and Indigenous land tenure in northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 36, 389-402.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Douglass LL, Possingham HP, Carwardine J, Klein CJ, Roxburgh SH, Russell-Smith J, Wilson KA (2011) The effect of carbon credits on savanna land management and priorities for biodiversity conservation. PLoS One 6(9), e23843.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Eames T, Vernooij R, Russell-Smith J, Yates C, Edwards A, van der Werf GR (2023) Division of the tropical savanna fire season into early and late dry season burning. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 125, 103575.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Edwards A, Archer R, De Bruyn P, Evans J, Lewis B, Vigilante T, Whyte S, Russell-Smith J (2021) Transforming fire management in northern Australia through successful implementation of savanna burning emissions reductions projects. Journal of Environmental Management 290, 112568.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Elton P, Fitzsimons J (2023) Framework features enabling faster establishment and better management of privately protected areas in New South Wales, Australia. Frontiers in Conservation Science 4, 1277254.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Evans J, Russell-Smith J (2019) Delivering effective savanna fire management for defined biodiversity conservation outcomes: an Arnhem Land case study. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, 386-400.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Fache E, Moizo B (2015) Do burning practices contribute to caring for country? Contemporary uses of fire for conservation purposes in Indigenous Australia. Journal of Ethnobiology 35, 163-183.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Garde M, Nadjamerrek LB, Kolkiwarra M, Kalarriya J, Djandjomerr J, Birriyabirriya B, Bilindja R, Kubarkku M, Biless P (2009) The language of fire: seasonality, resources and landscape burning on the Arnhem Land Plateau. In ‘Culture, ecology and economy of savanna fire management in northern Australia: rekindling the Wurrk tradition’. (Eds J Russell-Smith, PJ Whitehead, PM Cooke) pp. 85–164. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia)
Gomez-Baggethun E, Muradian R (2015) In markets we trust? Setting the boundaries of market-based instruments in ecosystem services governance. Ecological Economics 117, 217-224.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Gomez-Baggethun E, Ruiz-Perez M (2011) Economic valuation and the commodification of ecosystem services. Progress in Physical Geography 35, 613-628.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Grafton RQ, Wheeler S (2018) Economics of Water Recovery in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Annual Review of Resource Economics 10, 487-510.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Grima N, Singh S, Smetschka B, Ringhofer L (2016) Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Latin America: analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosystem Services 17, 24-32.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Hamrick K, Myers K, Soewito A (2023) ‘Beyond beneficiaries: fairer carbon market frameworks.’ (The Nature Conservancy) Available at https://nature4climate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/TNC_Beyond-Beneficiaries-220823.pdf
Hernández Blanco M (2020) Modelo general de un nuevo programa de pago por servicios ecosistémicos para Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica. Available at https://biofin.cr/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/undp_cr_PAGO_SERVICIOS_ECOSITEMICOS_21-1.pdf
Hill R, Pert PL, Davies J, Robinson CJ, Walsh F, Falco-Mammone F (2013) ‘Indigenous land management in Australia: extent, scope, diversity, barriers and success factors.’ (CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences: Cairns, Australia) Available at https://www.agriculture.gov.au/sites/default/files/sitecollectiondocuments/natural-resources/landcare/submissions/ilm-report.pdf
ICIN (2022) ‘Mapping the opportunities for Indigenous Carbon in Australia: Identifying opportunities and barriers to Indigenous participation in the Emissions Reduction Fund.’ (Indigenous Carbon Industry Network: Darwin, Australia) Available at https://www.icin.org.au/resource_files
ICIN (2024) ‘Blue Carbon in Australia: Understanding the opportunity for Indigenous People.’ (Indigenous Carbon Industry Network: Darwin, Australia) Available at https://www.icin.org.au/resource_files
IPBES (2022) ‘Methodological assessment of the diverse values and valuation of nature of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.’ (IPBES secretariat: Bonn, Germany) 10.5281/zenodo.6522522
IPCC (2022) Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. In ‘Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’ (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK) 10.1017/9781009325844
Johnston FH, Bailie RS, Pilotto LS, Hanigan IC (2007) Ambient biomass smoke and cardio-respiratory hospital admissions in Darwin, Australia. BMC Public Health 7, 240.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Johnston FH, Henderson SB, Chen Y, Randerson JT, Marlier M, DeFries RS, Kinney P, Bowman DMJS, Brauer M (2012) Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires. Environmenatl Health Perspectives 120, 695-701.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Jones PJ, Furlaud JM, Williamson GJ, Johnston FH, Bowman DMJS (2022) Smoke pollution must be part of the savanna fire management equation: a case study from Darwin, Australia. Ambio 51, 2214-2226.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Larson S, Jarvis D, Stoeckl N, Barrowei R, Coleman B, Groves D, Hunter J, Lee M, Markham M, Larson A, Finau G, Douglas M (2023) Piecemeal stewardship activities miss numerous social and environmental benefits associated with culturally appropriate ways of caring for country. Journal of Environment Management 326, 116750.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Luhar AK, Mitchell RM, Meyer CP, Qin Y, Campbell S, Gras JL, Parry D (2008) Biomass burning emissions over northern Australia constrained by aerosol measurements: II–Model validation, and impacts on air quality and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1647-1664.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Lynch D, Russell-Smith J, Edwards AC, Evans J, Yates C (2018) Incentivising fire management in Pindan (Acacia shrubland): a proposed fuel type for Australia’s savanna burning greenhouse gas emissions abatement methodology. Ecological Management & Restoration 19, 230-238.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
MacIntosh A, Butler D, Larraondo P, Evans MC, Ansell D, Waschka M, Fensham R, Eldridge D, Lindenmayer D, Gibbons P, Summerfield P (2024) Australian human-induced native forest regeneration carbon offset projects have limited impact on changes in woody vegetation cover and carbon removals. Communications Earth & Environment 5, 149.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Maier SW, Russell-Smith J (2012) Measuring and monitoring of contemporary fire regimes in Australia using satellite remote sensing. In ‘Flammable Australia: Fire Regimes, Biodiversity and Ecosystems in a Changing World’. (Eds RA Bradstock, AM Gill, RW Williams) pp. 79–95. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia)
McKemey M, Ens E, Yugal Mangi, Rangers , Costello O, Reid N (2020) Indigenous knowledge and seasonal calendar inform adaptive savanna burning in northern Australia. Sustainability 12, 995.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Moise A, Abbs D, Bhend J, Chiew F, Church J, Ekström M, Kirono D, Lenton A, Lucas C, McInnes K, Monselesan D, Mpelasoka F, Webb L, Whetton P (2015) Monsoonal North Cluster Report. In ‘Climate Change in Australia Projections for Australia’s Natural Resource Management Regions: Cluster Reports’. (Eds M Ekström, P.Whetton, C Gerbing, M Grose, L Webb, J Risbey) (CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology: Australia)
Morrison J, Yu P, George M (2019) 2-way country – challenges for inclusive, equitable, and prosperous development in North Australia. In ‘Sustainable Land Sector Development in Northern Australia: Indigenous rights, aspirations, and cultural responsibilities’. (Eds J Russell-Smith, G James, H Pedersen, K Sangha) pp. 1–7. (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA)
Muradian R, Corbera E, Pascual U, Kosoy N, May PH (2010) Reconciling theory and practice: An alternative conceptual framework for understanding payments for environmental services. Ecological Economics 69, 1202-1208.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Murphy BP, Whitehead PJ, Evans , Yates CP, Edwards AC, MacDermott HJ, Lynch DC, Russell-Smith J (2023) Using a demographic model to project the long-term effects of fire management on tree biomass in Australian savannas. Ecological Monographs 93, e1564.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
NAILSMA (North Australian Land & Sea Management Alliance Ltd) (2014) Development by Design: opportunities in northern Australia and the potential role of Indigenous people, with particular emphasis on the Northern Territory. NAILSMA Working Paper 01/2014. Available at https://nailsma.org.au/uploads/resources/Development-byDesign-Working-Paper-SEP2014.pdf
NESP (2024) Feral ungulate control to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands. Project 3.8. National Environmental Science Program. Available at https://www.nespmarinecoastal.edu.au/project/3-8/
NTEPA (2023) ‘Northern Territory ambient air quality report 2021.’ (Northern Territory Environmental Protection Agency, Northern Territory Government) Available at https://ntepa.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/1295967/annual-compliance-report-for-the-nt-2021-ambient-air-quality-nepm.pdf
Paul KI, Roxburgh SH (2024) A national accounting framework for fire and carbon dynamics in Australian savannas. International Journal of Wildland Fire 33, WF23104.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Perry JJ, Sinclair M, Wikmunea H, Wolmby S, Martin D, Martin B (2018) The divergence of traditional Aboriginal and contemporary fire management practices on Wik traditional lands, Cape York Peninsula, Northern Australia. Ecological Management & Restoration 19, 24-31.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Perry JJ, Cook GD, Graham E, Meyer CP, Murphy HT, VanDerWaal J (2020) Regional seasonality of fire size and weather conditions across Australia’s northern savanna. International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, 1-10.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Petty AM, deKoninck V, Orlove B (2015) Cleaning, protecting, or abating? Making Indigenous fire management “work” in Northern Australia. Journal of Ethnobiology 35, 140-162.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
PWC (2022) ‘A nature-positive Australia: The value of Australian biodiversity market.’ (PricewaterhouseCoopers) Available at https://www.pwc.com.au/environment-social-governance/nature-positive-australia-value-of-australian-biodiversity-market.html#:~:text=Our%20latest%20report%20A%20nature,examines%20the%20possibility%20of%20a
Queensland Government (2023) The Land Restoration Fund: Co-benefits Standards (v1.4). Available at https://www.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0025/116548/lrf-co-benefits-standard.pdf
Rights and Resources Initiative (2023) Who Owns the World’s Land? Rights and Resources Initiative. 10.53892/MHZN6595
Robinson CJ, Macdonald JM, Douglas M, Perry J, Setterfield S, Cooper D, Lee M, Nadji J, Nadji S, Nayinggul A, Nayingul A, Mangiru K, Hunter F, Coleman B, Barowei R, Markham J, Alderson J, Moyle F, May K, Bangalong N (2022) Using knowledge to care for country: Indigenous‐led evaluations of research to adaptively co‐manage Kakadu National Park, Australia. Sustainability Science 17, 377-390.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Rolfe JW, Larard AE, English BH, Hegarty ES, McGrath TB, Gobius NR, DeFaveri J, Srhoj JR, Digby MJ, Musgrove RJ (2016) Rangeland profitability in the northern Gulf region of Queensland: understanding beef business complexity and the subsequent impact on land resource management and environmental outcomes. The Rangeland Journal 38, 261-272.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Sangha KK (2019) Beneficial land sector change in far northern Australia is required and possible – a refutation of McLean and Holmes (2019). The Rangeland Journal 41, 363-369.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Yates CP, Edwards A, Allan GE, Cook GD, Cooke P, Craig R, Heath B, Smith R (2003) Contemporary fire regimes of northern Australia: change since Aboriginal occupancy, challenges for sustainable management. International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, 283-297.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Cook GD, Cooke PM, Edwards AC, Lendrum M, Meyer CP, Whitehead PJ (2013) Managing fire regimes in north Australian savannas: applying Aboriginal approaches to contemporary global problems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(s1), e55-e63.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Yates CP, Evans J, Desailly M (2014) Developing a savanna burning emissions abatement methodology for tussock grasslands in high rainfall regions of northern Australia. Tropical Grasslands–Forrajes Tropicales 2, 154-166.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Russell-Smith J, Yates C, Evans J, Meyer CP, Edwards A (2015) Application of a ‘lower rainfall’ savanna burning emissions abatement methodology. In, ‘Carbon accounting and management in fire-prone Australian savannas’. (Eds BP Murphy, AC Edwards, CP Meyer, J Russell-Smith) pp. 219–234. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia)
Russell-Smith J, James G, Dhamarrandji AM, Gondarra T, Burton D, Sithole B, Campion OB, Hunter-Xenie H, Archer R, Sangha KK, Edwards AC (2022) Empowering Indigenous natural hazards management in northern Australia. Ambio 51, 2240-2260.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
Sangha KK (2020) Global importance of Indigenous and local communities’ managed lands: building a case for stewardship schemes. Sustainability 12, 7839.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sangha K, Russell-Smith J (2017) Towards an Indigenous Ecosystem Services Valuation Framework: A North Australian Example. Conservation and Society 15, 255-269.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sangha KK, Evans J, Edwards A, Russell-Smith J, Fisher R, Yates C, et al. (2021) Assessing the value of ecosystem services delivered by prescribed fire management in Australian tropical savannas. Ecosystem Services 51, 101343.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sangha KK, Ahammad R, Russell-Smith J, Costanza R (2024) Payments for Ecosystem Services opportunities for emerging Nature-based Solutions: integrating Indigenous perspectives from Australia. Ecosystem Services 66, 101600.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sowden M, Hanigan IC, Robbins DJV, Cope M, Silver JD, Noonan J (2024) Characterizing smoke haze events in Australia using a hybrid approach of satellite-based Aerosol Optical Depth and Chemical Transport Modeling. Remote Sensing 16, 1266.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Stoeckl N, Jarvis D, Larson S, Larson A, Grainer D, Ewamian Aboriginal Corporation (2021) Australian Indigenous insights into ecosystem services: beyond services towards connectedness – people, place and time. Ecosystem Services 50, 101341.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Sutton PC, Anderson SJ, Costanza R, Kubiszewski I (2016) The ecological economics of land degradation: impacts on ecosystem service values. Ecological Economics 129, 182-192.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
TNC (The Nature Conservancy) (2019) How humans have impacted Australia’s nature over time: A brief history of the impacts of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians on nature. Available at https://www.natureaustralia.org.au/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/human-impact-nature-australia/
TNC (The Nature Conservancy) (2020) Conservation financing for conservation programs with Indigenous People and Local Communities. Available at https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/EA_IPLC_Full_Report_2020.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) (2023) ‘State of Finance for Nature 2023: The Big Nature Turnaround – Repurposing $7 trillion to combat nature loss.’ (UNEP: Nairobi, Kenya) 10.59117/20.500.11822/44278
Verra (2023) Verified Carbon Standard Methodology VM0047, Afforestation, Reforestation and Revegetation. Available at https://verra.org/methodologies/vm0047-afforestation-reforestation-and-revegetation-v1-0/
Western Australian Agricultural Authority (2021) ‘State Soil Health Strategy, Western Australia.’ (Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development: Perth, WA) Available at https://soilswest.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/WA-Soil-Health-Strategy_PDF.pdf
Whitehead PJ, Purdon P, Russell-Smith J, Cooke PM, Sutton S (2008) The management of climate change through prescribed Savanna burning: emerging contributions of indigenous people in northern Australia. Public Administration & Development 28, 374-385.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
Whitehead PJ, Russell-Smith J, Cooke PM (2009) Fire management futures: new northern directions for environmental and socioeconomic benefit. In ‘Culture, ecology and economy of savanna fire management in northern Australia: rekindling the Wurrk tradition’. (Eds J Russell-Smith, PJ Whitehead, P Cooke) pp. 379–394. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Australia)
Williamson GJ, Bowman DMJS, Price OF, Henderson SB, Johnston FH (2016) A transdisciplinary approach to understanding the health effects of wildfire and prescribed fire smoke regimes. Environmental Research Letters 11,.
| Crossref | Google Scholar |
WWF UNEP-WCMC, SGP/ICCA-GSI, LM, TNC, CI, WCS, EP, ILC-S, CM, IUCN (2021) ‘‘The State of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Lands and Territories: A technical review of the state of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ lands, their contributions to global biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, the pressures they face, and recommendations for actions’.’ (Gland, Switzerland) Available at https://wwflac.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/report_the_state_of_the_indigenous_peoples_and_local_communities_lands_and_territories.pdf
Yates C, Evans J, Vernooij R, Eames T, Muir E, Holmes J, Edwards A, Russell-Smith J (2023) Incentivizing sustainable fire management in Australia’s northern arid spinifex grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management 344, 118384.
| Crossref | Google Scholar | PubMed |
