Long-term monitoring and modelling of pasture regeneration and water quality from a Bothriochloa pertusa site in the Great Barrier Reef catchments
Chris Stokes![https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1576-2457](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
![https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-5354](/media/client/orcid_16x16.png)
A CSIRO, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia.
B CSIRO, Brisbane, Qld 4068, Australia.
The Rangeland Journal 45(1) 12-26 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ22067
Submitted: 30 November 2022 Accepted: 11 April 2023 Published: 24 May 2023
© 2023 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Australian Rangeland Society. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND)
Abstract
There has been considerable investment in grazing land management in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef catchments targeted at improving off-site runoff and water quality. This study used a systems modelling framework to analyse an 18-year monitoring data set from an Indian couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) dominated hillslope flume site in the Burdekin catchment, Australia. The analyses show important functional differences in B. pertusa pastures, relative to the native tussock pastures they replaced, with implications for how they are monitored and managed: (1) rates of landscape recovery were far slower than rates of degradation. In the practical time frames of most land managers, transition to a B. pertusa state is effectively irreversible, so historical management practices will have to adapt; and (2) transformations in pasture composition and structure can lead to misinterpretation of monitored trends in ground cover (a common proxy for land condition). At 50% pasture cover, B. pertusa pastures have only 33% of the biomass of local tussock pastures. Where B. pertusa invasions are occurring, inferences from positive associations between changes in cover and landscape function can break down: increases in ground cover can instead be accompanied by decreases in biomass, productivity, and runoff retention. The paper contributes an initial calibration of the GRASP pasture grazing systems model for a transformed B. pertusa site, capturing the observed relationships between grazing management, pasture biomass, ground cover and water quality. This serves as a starting point from which these landscapes, of growing extent and concern in Great Barrier Reef catchments, can be better represented in monitoring and modelling assessments, and for revised management options to be explored. The calibrated model was able to accurately represent long-term average runoff and sediment yield (both within 2% of observed) but was only able to adequately represent the year-to-year variation in runoff (not sediment).
Keywords: GRASP, grazing management, ground cover, hillslope soil erosion, native pasture, rangeland monitoring, runoff, state and transition, systems modelling.
References
ALA (2022) Atlas of Living Australia occurrence. (Ed. A.o.L. Australia).| Crossref | [accessed 18 July 2022]
Alewell, C, Borrelli, P, Meusburger, K, and Panagos, P (2019). Using the USLE: chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 7, 203–225.
| Using the USLE: chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
APNI (2022) Australian Plant Name Index. Available at https://www.anbg.gov.au/apni/index.html
Ash A, Corfield J, Ksiksi T (2001) ‘The Ecograze Project: developing guidelines to better manage grazing country.’ (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems and Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Townsville, QLD, Australia)
Ash, AJ, Corfield, JP, McIvor, JG, and Ksiksi, TS (2011). Grazing management in tropical savannas: utilization and rest strategies to manipulate rangeland condition. Rangeland Ecology & Management 64, 223–239.
| Grazing management in tropical savannas: utilization and rest strategies to manipulate rangeland condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
AVH (2022) The Australasian Virtual Herbarium, Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Available at https://avh.chah.org.au [accessed 18 July 2022]
Bartley, R, Roth, CH, Ludwig, J, McJannet, D, Liedloff, A, Corfield, J, Hawdon, A, and Abbott, B (2006). Runoff and erosion from Australia’s tropical semi-arid rangelands: influence of ground cover for differing space and time scales. Hydrological Processes 20, 3317–3333.
| Runoff and erosion from Australia’s tropical semi-arid rangelands: influence of ground cover for differing space and time scales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bartley, R, Hawdon, A, Post, DA, and Roth, CH (2007). A sediment budget for a grazed semi-arid catchment in the Burdekin basin, Australia. Geomorphology 87, 302–321.
| A sediment budget for a grazed semi-arid catchment in the Burdekin basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bartley, R, Corfield, JP, Abbott, BN, Hawdon, AA, Wilkinson, SN, and Nelson, B (2010). Impacts of improved grazing land management on sediment yields, Part 1: hillslope processes. Journal of Hydrology 389, 237–248.
| Impacts of improved grazing land management on sediment yields, Part 1: hillslope processes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bartley, R, Corfield, JP, Hawdon, AA, Kinsey-Henderson, AE, Abbott, BN, Wilkinson, SN, and Keen, RJ (2014). Can changes to pasture management reduce runoff and sediment loss to the Great Barrier Reef? The results of a 10-year study in the Burdekin catchment, Australia. The Rangeland Journal 36, 67–84.
| Can changes to pasture management reduce runoff and sediment loss to the Great Barrier Reef? The results of a 10-year study in the Burdekin catchment, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bartley, R, Croke, J, Bainbridge, ZT, Austin, JM, and Kuhnert, PM (2015). Combining contemporary and long-term erosion rates to target erosion hot-spots in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Anthropocene 10, 1–12.
| Combining contemporary and long-term erosion rates to target erosion hot-spots in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bartley, R, Abbott, BN, Ghahramani, A, Ali, A, Kerr, R, Roth, CH, and Kinsey-Henderson, A (2022). Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia. The Rangeland Journal 44, 221–246.
| Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bastin, GN, Pickup, G, Stanes, J, and Stanes, A (1996). Estimating landscape resilience from satellite data and its application to pastoral land management. The Rangeland Journal 18, 118–135.
| Estimating landscape resilience from satellite data and its application to pastoral land management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bastin, G, Scarth, P, Chewings, V, Sparrow, A, Denham, R, Schmidt, M, O’Reagain, P, Shepherd, R, and Abbott, B (2012). Separating grazing and rainfall effects at regional scale using remote sensing imagery: a dynamic reference-cover method. Remote Sensing of Environment 121, 443–457.
| Separating grazing and rainfall effects at regional scale using remote sensing imagery: a dynamic reference-cover method.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Briske, DD, Sayre, NF, Huntsinger, L, Fernandez-Gimenez, M, Budd, B, and Derner, JD (2011). Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integrating human dimensions into rangeland research. Rangeland Ecology & Management 64, 325–334.
| Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integrating human dimensions into rangeland research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Brooks, A, Spencer, J, Borombovits, D, Pietsch, T, and Olley, J (2014). Measured hillslope erosion rates in the wet-dry tropics of Cape York, northern Australia: Part 2, RUSLE-based modeling significantly over-predicts hillslope sediment production. Catena 122, 1–17.
| Measured hillslope erosion rates in the wet-dry tropics of Cape York, northern Australia: Part 2, RUSLE-based modeling significantly over-predicts hillslope sediment production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bui, EN, Hancock, GJ, and Wilkinson, SN (2011). ‘Tolerable’ hillslope soil erosion rates in Australia: linking science and policy. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 144, 136–149.
| ‘Tolerable’ hillslope soil erosion rates in Australia: linking science and policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Carroll, C, Waters, D, Vardy, S, Silburn, DM, Attard, S, Thorburn, PJ, Davis, AM, Halpin, N, Schmidt, M, Wilson, B, and Clark, A (2012). A paddock to reef monitoring and modelling framework for the Great Barrier Reef: paddock and catchment component. Marine Pollution Bulletin 65, 136–49.
| A paddock to reef monitoring and modelling framework for the Great Barrier Reef: paddock and catchment component.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Chen, Y, Guerschman, J, Shendryk, Y, Henry, D, and Harrison, MT (2021). Estimating pasture biomass using Sentinel-2 imagery and machine learning. Remote Sensing 13, 603.
| Estimating pasture biomass using Sentinel-2 imagery and machine learning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Day K, McKeon G, Carter J 1997 Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pastures in Queensland: final report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, DAQ-124A. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly, QLD.
De’ath, G, and Fabricius, K (2010). Water quality as a regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgae on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecological Applications 20, 840–850.
| Water quality as a regional driver of coral biodiversity and macroalgae on the Great Barrier Reef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dunkerley, D (2021). Rainfall intensity in geomorphology: challenges and opportunities. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 45, 488–513.
| Rainfall intensity in geomorphology: challenges and opportunities.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Elledge, A, and Thornton, C (2017). Effect of changing land use from virgin brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) woodland to a crop or pasture system on sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff over 25 years in subtropical Australia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 239, 119–131.
| Effect of changing land use from virgin brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) woodland to a crop or pasture system on sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff over 25 years in subtropical Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Furnas MJ (2003) ‘Catchments and corals: terrestrial runoff to the Great Barrier Reef.’ 334 pp. (Australian Institute of Marine Science, CRC Reef Research Centre: Townsville, Qld, Australia)
Gardener, CJ, McIvor, J, and Williams, J (1990). Dry tropical rangelands: solving one problem and creating another. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 279–286.
Ghahramani, A, Freebairn, DM, Sena, DR, Cutajar, JL, and Silburn, DM (2020). A pragmatic parameterisation and calibration approach to model hydrology and water quality of agricultural landscapes and catchments. Environmental Modelling & Software 130, 104733.
| A pragmatic parameterisation and calibration approach to model hydrology and water quality of agricultural landscapes and catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gosnell, H, Grimm, K, and Goldstein, BE (2020). A half century of Holistic Management: what does the evidence reveal? Agriculture and Human Values 37, 849–867.
| A half century of Holistic Management: what does the evidence reveal?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Guerschman J (2020) ‘Fractional Cover - MODIS, CSIRO algorithm. Version 1.0.’ (Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN)) Available at http://geonetwork.tern.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/a6ef2480-e397-4c42-9706-3865dd6ca380 [accessed 18 September 2022]
Hall, TJ, McIvor, JG, Reid, DJ, Jones, P, MacLeod, ND, McDonald, CK, and Smith, DR (2014). A comparison of stocking methods for beef production in northern Australia: pasture and soil surface condition responses. The Rangeland Journal 36, 161–174.
| A comparison of stocking methods for beef production in northern Australia: pasture and soil surface condition responses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hawdon A, Keen RJ, Post DA, Wilkinson SN (2008) Hydrological recovery of rangeland following cattle exclusion. In ‘Sediment dynamics in changing environments. Vol. 325’. (Eds J Schmidt, T Cochrane, C Phillips, S Elliott, T Davies, L Basher) pp. 532–539. (IAHS Publishing: Christchurch, New Zealand)
Hughes, AO, and Croke, JC (2011). Validation of a spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model (SedNet) with empirically derived data from a catchment adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. Marine and Freshwater Research 62, 962–973.
| Validation of a spatially distributed erosion and sediment yield model (SedNet) with empirically derived data from a catchment adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Humanes, A, Fink, A, Willis, BL, Fabricius, KE, de Beer, D, and Negri, AP (2017). Effects of suspended sediments and nutrient enrichment on juvenile corals. Marine Pollution Bulletin 125, 166–175.
| Effects of suspended sediments and nutrient enrichment on juvenile corals.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunt, LP, McIvor, JG, Grice, AC, and Bray, SG (2014). Principles and guidelines for managing cattle grazing in the grazing lands of northern Australia: stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, paddock size and water points – a review. The Rangeland Journal 36, 105–119.
| Principles and guidelines for managing cattle grazing in the grazing lands of northern Australia: stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, paddock size and water points – a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jarihani, B, Sidle, RC, Bartley, R, Roth, CH, and Wilkinson, SN (2017). Characterisation of hydrological response to rainfall at multi spatio-temporal scales in savannas of semi-arid Australia. Water 9, 540.
| Characterisation of hydrological response to rainfall at multi spatio-temporal scales in savannas of semi-arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jeffrey, SJ, Carter, JO, Moodie, KB, and Beswick, AR (2001). Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data. Environmental Modelling & Software 16, 309–330.
| Using spatial interpolation to construct a comprehensive archive of Australian climate data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Karfs, RA, Abbott, BN, Scarth, PF, and Wallace, JF (2009). Land condition monitoring information for reef catchments: a new era. The Rangeland Journal 31, 69–86.
| Land condition monitoring information for reef catchments: a new era.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koci, J, Sidle, RC, Kinsey-Henderson, AE, Bartley, R, Wilkinson, SN, Hawdon, AA, Jarihani, B, Roth, CH, and Hogarth, L (2020). Effect of reduced grazing pressure on sediment and nutrient yields in savanna rangeland streams draining to the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Hydrology 582, 124520.
| Effect of reduced grazing pressure on sediment and nutrient yields in savanna rangeland streams draining to the Great Barrier Reef.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Koci, J, Wilkinson, SN, Hawdon, AA, Kinsey-Henderson, AE, Bartley, R, and Goodwin, NR (2021). Rehabilitation effects on gully sediment yields and vegetation in a savanna rangeland. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 46, 1007–1025.
| Rehabilitation effects on gully sediment yields and vegetation in a savanna rangeland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kuhnert, PM, Henderson, BL, Lewis, SE, Bainbridge, ZT, Wilkinson, SN, and Brodie, JE (2012). Quantifying total suspended sediment export from the Burdekin River catchment using the Loads Regression Estimator tool. Water Resources Research 48, W04533.
| Quantifying total suspended sediment export from the Burdekin River catchment using the Loads Regression Estimator tool.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kutt, AS, and Fisher, A (2011). Increased grazing and dominance of an exotic pasture (Bothriochloa pertusa) affects vertebrate fauna species composition, abundance and habitat in savanna woodland. The Rangeland Journal 33, 49–58.
| Increased grazing and dominance of an exotic pasture (Bothriochloa pertusa) affects vertebrate fauna species composition, abundance and habitat in savanna woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kutt, AS, and Kemp, JE (2012). Native plant diversity in tropical savannas decreases when exotic pasture grass cover increases. The Rangeland Journal 34, 183–189.
| Native plant diversity in tropical savannas decreases when exotic pasture grass cover increases.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lambert, V, Bainbridge, ZT, Collier, C, Lewis, SE, Adams, MP, Carter, A, Saunders, MI, Brodie, J, Turner, RDR, Rasheed, MA, and O’Brien, KR (2021). Connecting targets for catchment sediment loads to ecological outcomes for seagrass using multiple lines of evidence. Marine Pollution Bulletin 169, 112494.
| Connecting targets for catchment sediment loads to ecological outcomes for seagrass using multiple lines of evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lebbink G (2021) Factors determining the spread and impact of the exotic grass Indian couch (Bothriochloa pertusa) into native ecosystems. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Lebbink, G, and Fensham, R (2023). The ‘lawnification’ of Australia’s eastern grassy woodlands: the past, current and likely future spread of an invasive perennial grass, Bothriochloa pertusa. Biological Invasions 25, 1779–1794.
| The ‘lawnification’ of Australia’s eastern grassy woodlands: the past, current and likely future spread of an invasive perennial grass, Bothriochloa pertusa.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lebbink, G, Dwyer, JM, and Fensham, RJ (2022). ‘Invasion debt’ after extensive land-use change: an example from eastern Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 302, 114051.
| ‘Invasion debt’ after extensive land-use change: an example from eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ, Merritt WS, McKee LJ, Eyre BD, Baginska B (1999) Review of techniques to estimate catchment exports. NSW Environment Protection Authority Report 99/73, Sydney, NSW.
Leuning, R, Cleugh, HA, Zegelin, SJ, and Hughes, D (2005). Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 129, 151–173.
| Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lewis, SE, Bartley, R, Wilkinson, SN, Bainbridge, ZT, Henderson, AE, James, CS, Irvine, SA, and Brodie, JE (2021). Land use change in the river basins of the Great Barrier Reef, 1860 to 2019: a foundation for understanding environmental history across the catchment to reef continuum. Marine Pollution Bulletin 166, 112193.
| Land use change in the river basins of the Great Barrier Reef, 1860 to 2019: a foundation for understanding environmental history across the catchment to reef continuum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Littleboy M, McKeon G (1997) Subroutine GRASP: Grass production model, documentation of the Marcoola version of Subroutine GRASP. Appendix 2 of ‘Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pasture in Queensland’. Final Project Report for Rural Industries and Research Development Corporation project DAQ124A. (Queensland Department of Natural Resources: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)
Ludwig, JA, Bartley, R, Hawdon, AA, Abbott, BN, and McJannet, D (2007). Patch configuration non-linearly affects sediment loss across scales in a grazed catchment in north-east Australia. Ecosystems 10, 839–845.
| Patch configuration non-linearly affects sediment loss across scales in a grazed catchment in north-east Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Mariotti A, Croke J, Bartley R, Kelley SE, Fifield K, Fulop RH, Codilean AT, Austin J (2020) ‘Controlling variables of denudation across catchments draining to the Great Barrier Reef.’ (American Geophysical Union)
McCloskey, GL, Baheerathan, R, Dougall, C, Ellis, R, Bennett, FR, Waters, D, Darr, S, Fentie, B, Hateley, LR, and Askildsen, M (2021). Modelled estimates of fine sediment and particulate nutrients delivered from the Great Barrier Reef catchments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 165, 112163.
| Modelled estimates of fine sediment and particulate nutrients delivered from the Great Barrier Reef catchments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McIvor, JG, and Scanlan, JC (1994). State and transition models for rangelands. 8. A state and transition model for the Northern Speargrass Zone. Tropical Grasslands 28, 256–259.
McIvor, JG, Williams, J, and Gardener, CJ (1995). Pasture management influences runoff and soil movement in the semi-arid tropics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 55–65.
| Pasture management influences runoff and soil movement in the semi-arid tropics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKeon, GM, Day, KA, Howden, SM, Mott, JJ, Orr, DM, Scattini, WJ, and Weston, EJ (1990). Northern Australian Savannas: management for pastoral production. Journal of Biogeography 17, 355–372.
| Northern Australian Savannas: management for pastoral production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKeon G, Hall W, Henry B, Stone G, Watson I (Eds) (2004) ‘Pasture degradation and recovery in Australia’s rangelands: learning from history.’ (Department of Natural Resources Mines and Energy Queensland: Brisbane, Qld, Australia)
McKeon G, Ahrens D, Ash A, Brook K, Bruget D, Carter J, Whish G (2010) Improving grazing management using the GRASP Model. Final report on Project NBP. 338. Meat and Livestock Australia: North Sydney, NSW.
McLean I, Blakeley S (2014) ‘Adult equivalent methodology: a methodology to accurately and consistently calculate cattle grazing loads in northern Australia.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia Limited: Sydney, NSW)
Montgomery, DR (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 13268–13272.
| Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nearing, MA, Wei, H, Stone, JJ, Pierson, FB, Spaeth, KE, Weltz, MA, Flanagan, DC, and Hernandez, M (2011). A rangeland hydrology and erosion model. Transactions of the ASABE 54, 901–908.
| A rangeland hydrology and erosion model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Reagain, P, Bushell, J, and Holmes, B (2011). Managing for rainfall variability: long-term profitability of different grazing strategies in a northern Australian tropical savanna. Animal Production Science 51, 210–224.
| Managing for rainfall variability: long-term profitability of different grazing strategies in a northern Australian tropical savanna.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Reagain P, Bushelle J, Pahl L, Scanlan J (2018) ‘Wambiana grazing trial Phase 3: stocking strategies for improving carrying capacity, land condition and biodiversity outcomes.’ (Meat and Livestock Australia: Sydney, NSW)
Owens, JS, Silburn, DM, McKeon, GM, Carroll, C, Willcocks, J, and deVoil, R (2003). Cover-runoff equations to improve simulation of runoff in pasture growth models. Australian Journal of Soil Research 41, 1467–1488.
| Cover-runoff equations to improve simulation of runoff in pasture growth models.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pickup, G, Chewings, VH, and Nelson, DJ (1993). Estimating changes in vegetation cover over time in arid rangelands using landsat MSS data. Remote Sensing of Environment 43, 243–263.
| Estimating changes in vegetation cover over time in arid rangelands using landsat MSS data.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Queensland Government (2022) Virginia Park flume site soil morphology and chemistry. Available at https://resources.information.qld.gov.au/soils/reports/sites?project=P2REEF&site=1
Renard, KG, Foster, GR, Yoder, DC, and McCool, DK (1994). RUSLE revisited: status, questions, answers, and the future. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49, 213–220.
Rickert, KG, and McKeon, GM (1988). Computer models of forage management on beef cattle farms. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 30, 189–194.
| Computer models of forage management on beef cattle farms.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rose CW (1985) Developments in soil erosion and deposition models. In ‘Advances in soil science, vol. 2.’ (Ed. BA Stewart) pp. 1–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5088-3_1
Rosewell CJ, Loch RJ (2002) Estimation of the RUSLE soil erodibility factor. In ‘Soil physical measurement and interpretation for land evaluation’. (Eds N McKenzie, K Coughlan, H Cresswell) pp. 360–369. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia)
Roth, CH (2004). A framework relating soil surface condition to infiltration and sediment and nutrient mobilization in grazed rangelands of northeastern Queensland, Australia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29, 1093–1104.
| A framework relating soil surface condition to infiltration and sediment and nutrient mobilization in grazed rangelands of northeastern Queensland, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanjari, G, Yu, B, Ghadiri, H, Ciesiolka, CAA, and Rose, CW (2009). Effects of time-controlled grazing on runoff and sediment loss. Australian Journal of Soil Research 47, 796–808.
| Effects of time-controlled grazing on runoff and sediment loss.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Scanlan, JC, Pressland, AJ, and Myles, DJ (1996). Run-off and soil movement on mid-slopes in North-east Queensland [Australia] grazed woodlands. The Rangeland Journal 18, 33–46.
| Run-off and soil movement on mid-slopes in North-east Queensland [Australia] grazed woodlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silburn, DM (2011a). Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. II. Simple models for suspended and bedload sediment. Soil Research 49, 118–126.
| Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. II. Simple models for suspended and bedload sediment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silburn, DM (2011b). Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. III. USLE erodibility (K factors) and cover–soil loss relationships. Soil Research 49, 127–134.
| Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. III. USLE erodibility (K factors) and cover–soil loss relationships.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silburn, DM, Carroll, C, Ciesiolka, CAA, deVoil, RC, and Burger, P (2011). Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. I. Influences of cover, slope, and soil. Soil Research 49, 105–117.
| Hillslope runoff and erosion on duplex soils in grazing lands in semi-arid central Queensland. I. Influences of cover, slope, and soil.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Spaeth, KE, Pierson, FB, Weltz, MA, and Blackburn, WH (2003). Evaluation of USLE and RUSLE estimated soil loss on rangeland. Journal of Range Management 56, 234–246.
| Evaluation of USLE and RUSLE estimated soil loss on rangeland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Teague, R, Provenza, F, Kreuter, U, Steffens, T, and Barnes, M (2013). Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience? Journal of Environmental Management 128, 699–717.
| Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tiwari, J, Yu, B, Fentie, B, and Ellis, R (2020). Probability distribution of groundcover for runoff prediction in rangeland in the Burnett–Mary Region, Queensland. The Rangeland Journal 42, 97–112.
| Probability distribution of groundcover for runoff prediction in rangeland in the Burnett–Mary Region, Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tothill JC, McDonald CK, Jones RM, Hargreaves JNG (1992) ‘BOTANAL: A comprehensive sampling and computing procedure for estimating pasture yield and composition. Field sampling.’ (CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures: St Lucia, Qld, Australia)
Weltz, MA, Kidwell, MR, and Fox, HD (1998). Influence of abiotic and biotic factors in measuring and modeling soil erosion on rangelands: state of knowledge. Journal of Range Management 51, 482–495.
| Influence of abiotic and biotic factors in measuring and modeling soil erosion on rangelands: state of knowledge.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilkinson SN, Bastin G, Stokes CJ, Hawdon AA, Chewings VH, Kinsey-Henderson AE, Nicholas DM, Abbott BN, McKellar K, Kemei J (2014a) ‘Improving grazing management practices to enhance ground cover and reduce sediment loads.’ Report to the Reef Rescue Water Quality Research & Development Program. (Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited: Cairns, QLD, Australia)
Wilkinson, SN, Dougall, C, Kinsey-Henderson, AE, Searle, R, Ellis, R, and Bartley, R (2014b). Development of a time-stepping sediment budget model for assessing land use impacts in large river basins. Science of the Total Environment 468–469, 1210–1224.
| Development of a time-stepping sediment budget model for assessing land use impacts in large river basins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |