Prospects for sustainable use of the pastoral areas of Australia’s southern rangelands: a synthesis
Ronald B. Hacker A B C and Sarah E. McDonald BA NSW Department of Primary Industries, Trangie Agricultural Research Centre, Mitchell Highway, Trangie, NSW 2823, Australia.
B Present address: Ron Hacker Rangeland Consulting Services, 29 Edward St, Tenambit, NSW 2323, Australia.
C Corresponding author. Email: ron.hacker@crt.net.au
The Rangeland Journal 43(4) 185-209 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ21036
Submitted: 30 June 2021 Accepted: 2 December 2021 Published: 22 December 2021
Journal Compilation © Australian Rangeland Society 2021 Open Access CC BY-NC-ND
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the need to achieve land use across the southern Australian rangelands that accommodates changing societal preferences and ensures the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own preferences. This paper considers the prospects for sustainable use of the pastoral lands based either on continued grazing or emerging, alternative land uses. After an overview of the southern rangelands environment, the status of the pastoral industry, its environmental impacts, and key issues for pastoral management, we propose four principles and 19 associated guidelines for sustainable pastoralism. Although some continued withdrawal of land from pastoralism is anticipated, we expect that pastoralism will continue throughout much of the region currently grazed, particularly in the higher rainfall environments in the east. Within these areas, sustainable pastoral land use should be achievable by the application of four broad management principles, as follows: (1) manage grazing within a risk management framework based on the concept of tactical grazing, (2) develop infrastructure to allow best management of both domestic and non-domestic grazing pressure, (3) incorporate management of invasive native scrub, where required, into overall, ongoing property management and (4) manage grazing to enhance biodiversity conservation at landscape scale. Application of these principles and guidelines will require the development of appropriate policy settings, particularly in relation to kangaroo management, climate change, and natural resource governance, together with innovative approaches to research, development and extension. Policy development will also be required if the new industry of carbon sequestration is to deliver socio-ecological benefits without perverse outcomes. Other emerging industries based on renewable energy or ecosystem services appear to have considerable potential, with little risk of adverse ecological consequences.
Keywords: grazing management, total grazing pressure, emerging land uses, infrastructure, invasive native scrub, biodiversity conservation, policy.
References
ABARES (2016). Land use of Australia 2010–11. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government. Available at: https://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/aclump/land-use/land-use-of-australia-2010-11 [accessed 3 November 2020].Alemseged, Y., and Hacker, R. B. (2014). Introduction of Dorper sheep into Australian rangelands: implications for production and natural resource management. The Rangeland Journal 36, 85–90.
| Introduction of Dorper sheep into Australian rangelands: implications for production and natural resource management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Alemseged, Y., Hacker, R. B., Smith, W. J., and Melville, G. J. (2011). Temporary cropping in semi-arid shrublands increases native perennial grasses. The Rangeland Journal 33, 67–78.
| Temporary cropping in semi-arid shrublands increases native perennial grasses.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Allen, B. L., Fleming, P. J. S., Hayward, M., and Allen, L. R. (2012). Top-predators as biodiversity regulators: contemporary issues affecting knowledge and management of dingoes in Australia. In: ‘Biodiversity Enrichment in a Diverse World’. Chapter 4. (Ed. Gbolagade Akeem Lameed.) pp. 85–132. (InTech: Rijeka, Croatia.)
Allen, B. L., Fleming, P. J. S., Allen, L. R., Engeman, R. M., Ballard, G., and Leung, L. K.-P. (2013). As clear as mud: A critical review of evidence for the ecological roles of Australian dingoes. Biological Conservation 159, 158–174.
| As clear as mud: A critical review of evidence for the ecological roles of Australian dingoes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Anderson, D. M. (2007). Virtual fencing: past, present and future. The Rangeland Journal 29, 65–78.
| Virtual fencing: past, present and future.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Andrew, M. H., and Lange, R. T. (1986). Development of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shrubland grazed by sheep. 2. Changes to the vegetation. Australian Journal of Ecology 11, 411–424.
| Development of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shrubland grazed by sheep. 2. Changes to the vegetation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ansell, D., Freudenberger, D., Munro, N., and Gibbons, P. (2016). The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: a quantitative review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 225, 184–191.
| The cost-effectiveness of agri-environment schemes for biodiversity conservation: a quantitative review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Archer, S., Schimel, D. S., and Holland, E. A. (1995). Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: land use, climate or CO2? Climatic Change 29, 91–99.
| Mechanisms of shrubland expansion: land use, climate or CO2?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ash, A. J., and Stafford-Smith, D. M. (1996). Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands: animals don’t practice what we preach. The Rangeland Journal 18, 216–243.
| Evaluating stocking rate impacts in rangelands: animals don’t practice what we preach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Atkinson, T., Hacker, R. B., Melville, G. J., and Reseigh, J. (2019). Land managers’ and service providers’ perspectives on the magnitude, impact and management of non-domestic grazing pressure in the southern rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 41, 461–476.
| Land managers’ and service providers’ perspectives on the magnitude, impact and management of non-domestic grazing pressure in the southern rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Australian Wildlife Conservancy (2021). Available at: https://www.australianwildlife.org/ [accessed 10 May 2021].
Barnes, M. K., Norton, B. E., Maeno, M., and Malechek, J. C. (2008). Paddock size and stocking density affect spatial heterogeneity of grazing. Rangeland Ecology and Management 61, 380–388.
| Paddock size and stocking density affect spatial heterogeneity of grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bastin, G. and the ACRIS Management Committee (2008). ‘Rangelands — Taking the Pulse.’ Published on behalf of the ACRIS Management Committee by the National Land & Water Resources Audit, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
Baumber, A., Waters, C., Cross, R., Metternicht, G., and Simpson, M. (2020). Carbon farming for resilient rangelands: people, paddocks and policy. The Rangeland Journal 42, 293–307.
| Carbon farming for resilient rangelands: people, paddocks and policy.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bean, J. M., Melville, G. J., Hacker, R. B., and Clipperton, S. P. (2015). Seed availability, landscape suitability and the regeneration of perennial grasses in moderately degraded rangelands in semiarid Australia. The Rangeland Journal 37, 249–259.
| Seed availability, landscape suitability and the regeneration of perennial grasses in moderately degraded rangelands in semiarid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Beeton, R. J. S., Page, M. J., Slaughter, G., and Greenfield, R. (2005). ‘Study of Fodder Harvesting in Mulga Regional Ecosystems.’ (University of Queensland.)
Boulaire, F. (2021). Export possibilities mean Australia’s clean-energy future can also be the world’s. In: ‘North of 26° South and the Security of Australia’. pp. 62–63. (Australian Strategic Policy Institute.) Available at: https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/export-possibilities-mean-australias-cleanenergy-future-can-also-be-the-worlds [accessed 26 September 2021]
Bowman, A., Alemseged, Y., Melville, G., Smith, W., and Syrch, F. (2009). Increasing the perennial grass component of native pastures through grazing management in the 400–600 mm rainfall zone of central western NSW. The Rangeland Journal 31, 369–376.
| Increasing the perennial grass component of native pastures through grazing management in the 400–600 mm rainfall zone of central western NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Briske, D. D., Derne, J. D., Brown, J. R., Fuhlendorf, S. D., Teague, W. R., Havstad, K. M., Gillen, R. L., Ash, A. J., and Willms, W. D. (2008). Rotational grazing on rangelands: reconciliation of perception and experimental evidence. Rangeland Ecology and Management 61, 3–17.
| Rotational grazing on rangelands: reconciliation of perception and experimental evidence.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Briske, D. D., Sayre, N. F., Huntsinger, L., Fernandez-Gimenez, M., Budd, B., and Derner, J. D. (2011). Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integrating human dimensions into rangeland research. Rangeland Ecology and Management 64, 325–334.
| Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integrating human dimensions into rangeland research.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Briske, D. D., Coppock, D. L., Illius, A. W., and Fuhlendorf, S. D. (2020). Strategies for global rangeland stewardship: assessment through the lens of the equilibrium–non-equilibrium debate. Journal of Applied Ecology 57, 1056–1067.
| Strategies for global rangeland stewardship: assessment through the lens of the equilibrium–non-equilibrium debate.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Bush Heritage Australia (2021). Available at: https://www.bushheritage.org.au/ [accessed 10 May 2021].
Buxton, R., and Stafford-Smith, M. (1996). Managing drought in Australia’s rangelands: four weddings and a funeral. The Rangeland Journal 18, 292–308.
| Managing drought in Australia’s rangelands: four weddings and a funeral.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cairns, K. M., Crowther, M. S., Nesbitt, B., and Letnic, M. (2021). The myth of wild dogs in Australia: are there any out there? Australian Mammalogy , .
| The myth of wild dogs in Australia: are there any out there?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Campbell, T., and Hacker, R. (2000). ‘The glove box guide to tactical grazing management for the semi-arid woodlands.’ (NSW Agriculture: Dubbo, NSW, Australia.)
Cockfield, G., Shrestha, U. B., Waters, C., and Garland, F. (2017). Assessing the economic impacts of carbon farming in western NSW. In: ‘Proceedings of the 19th Australian Rangeland Society Biennial Conference’. (Australian Rangeland Society: Australia.)
Condon, R. W. (1968). Estimation of Grazing Capacity on Arid Grazing Land. In: ‘Land Evaluation, Papers of a CSIRO Symposium in Cooperation with UNESCO’, 26–31 August 1968. (Ed. G. A. Stewart.) pp. 112–124. (McMillan Australia.)
Condon, R. W., Newman, J. C., and Cunningham, G. M. (1969). Soil erosion and pasture degeneration in central Australia Part III. The assessment of grazing capacity. Journal of the Soil Conservation Service of N.S.W. 25, 225–250.
Connelly, P., Horrocks, D., Pahl, L., and Warman, K. (2000). Cost effective and multipurpose self-mustering enclosures for stock. Department of Primary Industries Information Series Q100077. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane.
Cooke, J., Groves, R. H., and Ash, J. (2011). The distribution of Carrichtera annua in Australia: introduction, spread and probable limits. The Rangeland Journal 33, 23–35.
| The distribution of Carrichtera annua in Australia: introduction, spread and probable limits.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology (2021). Climate change in Australia. Available at: https://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/en/projections-tools/regional-climate-change-explorer/clusters/?current=RA&tooltip=true&popup=true [accessed 24 September 2021].
Cunningham, R., Silcocks, A., O’Connor, J., and Weston, M. (2007). A statistical analysis of temporal trends in detection rates of birds in the rangelands, using Atlas of Australian Birds data, 1999–2006. Report to Department of the Environment and Water Resources, Canberra, by Birds Australia, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
Curry, P., and Hacker, R. (1990). Can pastoral grazing management satisfy endorsed conservation objectives in arid Western Australia? Journal of Environmental Management 30, 295–320.
| Can pastoral grazing management satisfy endorsed conservation objectives in arid Western Australia?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
CWCMA and WCMA (Central West Catchment Management Authority and Western Catchment Management Authority) (2010). ‘Managing invasive native scrub to rehabilitate native pastures and open woodlands. A Best Management Practice Guide for the Central West and Western Catchments.’ (Central West Catchment Management Authority: Wellington, NSW, Australia; and Western Catchment Management Authority: Cobar, NSW, Australia.)
DAWA (2002). ‘Rangeways: Community-based Planning for Ecologically Sustainable Land Use in the Western Australian Goldfields.’ Miscellaneous Publication 9/2002. (Department of Agriculture, Western Australia: Perth, WA, Australia.)
Denham, A. J., and Auld, T. D. (2004). Survival and recruitment of seedlings and suckers of trees and shrubs of the Australian arid zone following habitat management and the outbreak of rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD). Austral Ecology 29, 585–599.
| Survival and recruitment of seedlings and suckers of trees and shrubs of the Australian arid zone following habitat management and the outbreak of rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (2019). Status of the Western Australian pastoral rangelands 2019: condition, trend and risk. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia. Available at: https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/sites/gateway/files/Status%20of%20the%20Western%20Australian%20pastoral%20rangelands%202019%3A%20condition%2C%20trend%20and%20risk%20%28PDF%204.5MB%29.pdf [accessed 10 December 2020].
Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (2011). The feral goat (Capra hircus). Invasive species fact sheet. BIO56.0610. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australian Government. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/0b78ac9f-c442-4fe1-9f96-8205f505a4c8/files/feral-goat.pdf [accessed 18 January 2021].
di Virgilio, A., Lambertucci, S. A., and Morales, J. M. (2019). Sustainable grazing management in rangelands: over a century searching for a silver bullet. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 283, 106561.
| Sustainable grazing management in rangelands: over a century searching for a silver bullet.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Díaz, S., Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S. U. E., Falczuk, V., Casanoves, F., Milchunas, D. G., Skarpe, C., Rusch, G., Sternberg, M., Noy-Meir, I., Landsberg, J., Zhang, W. E. I., Clark, H., and Campbell, B. D. (2007). Plant trait responses to grazing: a global synthesis. Global Change Biology 13, 313–341.
| Plant trait responses to grazing: a global synthesis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Donohue, R. J., Roderick, M. L., McVicar, T. R., and Farquhar, G. D. (2013). Impact of CO2 fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe’s warm, arid environments. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 3031–3035.
| Impact of CO2 fertilization on maximum foliage cover across the globe’s warm, arid environments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., Yen, A., Turner, V., Clark, S., Crosthwaite, J., and Hirth, J. (2004). Livestock grazing management and biodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 279–295.
| Livestock grazing management and biodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eldridge, D. J., and Delgado-Baquerizo, M. (2017). Continental-scale impacts of livestock grazing on ecosystem supporting and regulating services. Land Degradation & Development 28, 1473–1481.
| Continental-scale impacts of livestock grazing on ecosystem supporting and regulating services.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eldridge, D. J., and Soliveres, S. (2014). Are shrubs really a sign of declining ecosystem function? Disentangling the myths and truths of woody encroachment in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 62, 594–608.
| Are shrubs really a sign of declining ecosystem function? Disentangling the myths and truths of woody encroachment in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eldridge, D. J., Poore, A. G., Ruiz‐Colmenero, M., Letnic, M., and Soliveres, S. (2016). Ecosystem structure, function and composition in rangelands are negatively affected by livestock grazing. Ecological Applications 26, 1273–1283.
| Ecosystem structure, function and composition in rangelands are negatively affected by livestock grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 27509764PubMed |
Eldridge, D. J., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Travers, S. K., Val, J., Oliver, I., and Kardol, P. (2017). Do grazing intensity and herbivore type affect soil health? Insights from a semi-arid productivity gradient. Journal of Applied Ecology 54, 976–985.
| Do grazing intensity and herbivore type affect soil health? Insights from a semi-arid productivity gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eldridge, D. J., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Travers, S. K., Val, J., Oliver, I., Dorrough, J. W., Soliveres, S., and Müller, J. (2018). Livestock activity increases exotic plant richness, but wildlife increases native richness, with stronger effects under low productivity. Journal of Applied Ecology 55, 766–776.
| Livestock activity increases exotic plant richness, but wildlife increases native richness, with stronger effects under low productivity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ERF (Emissions Reduction Fund) (2020). Emissions Reduction Fund project map. Available at: http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/ERF/project-and-contracts-registers/interactive-map [accessed 25 June 2020].
Fargher, J. D., Howard, B. M., Burnside, D. G., and Andrew, M. H. (2003). The economy of the Australian rangelands: myth or mystery? The Rangeland Journal 25, 140–156.
| The economy of the Australian rangelands: myth or mystery?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham, R. (1998). The grassy vegetation of the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Floristics and grazing effects. Biological Conservation 84, 301–310.
| The grassy vegetation of the Darling Downs, south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Floristics and grazing effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham, R., and Fairfax, R. (2008). Water-remoteness for grazing relief in Australian arid-lands. Biological Conservation 141, 1447–1460.
| Water-remoteness for grazing relief in Australian arid-lands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham, R., Fairfax, R., and Dwyer, J. (2010). Vegetation responses to the first 20 years of cattle grazing in an Australian desert. Ecology 91, 681–692.
| Vegetation responses to the first 20 years of cattle grazing in an Australian desert.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 20426328PubMed |
Fensham, R., Silcock, J., and Dwyer, J. (2011). Plant species richness responses to grazing protection and degradation history in a low productivity landscape. Journal of Vegetation Science 22, 997–1008.
| Plant species richness responses to grazing protection and degradation history in a low productivity landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fensham, R. J., Silcock, J. L., and Firn, J. (2014). Managed livestock grazing is compatible with the maintenance of plant diversity in semidesert grasslands. Ecological Applications 24, 503–517.
| Managed livestock grazing is compatible with the maintenance of plant diversity in semidesert grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24834736PubMed |
Fisher, A., Hunt, L., James, C., Landsberg, J., Phelps, D., Smyth, A., and Watson, I. (2004). Review of total grazing pressure management issues and priorities for biodiversity conservation in rangelands: a resource to aid NRM planning. Desert Knowledge CRC Project Report No. 3. Desert Knowledge CRC and Tropical Savannas Management CRC, Alice Springs, NT, Australia.
Fisher, A., Hunt, L., James, C., Landsberg, J., Phelps, D., Smyth, A., and Watson, I. (2005). ‘Management of total grazing pressure. Australian Government.’ (Department of the Environment and Heritage, Desert Knowledge CRC and Tropical Savannas CRC: Alice Springs, NT, Australia.)
Fleming, P. J. S., Allen, B. L., and Ballard, G.-A. (2012). Seven considerations about dingoes as biodiversity engineers: the socioecological niches of dogs in Australia. Australian Mammalogy 34, 119–131.
| Seven considerations about dingoes as biodiversity engineers: the socioecological niches of dogs in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Foran, B., Stafford-Smith, M., Burnside, D., Andrew, M., Blesing, D., Forrest, K., and Taylor, J. (2019). Australian rangeland futures: time now for systemic responses to interconnected challenges. The Rangeland Journal 41, 271–292.
| Australian rangeland futures: time now for systemic responses to interconnected challenges.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Forsyth, D. M., Woolnough, A. P., Nimmo, D. G., Ritchie, E. G., Kennedy, M., Pople, A., and Watson, I. (2014). A comment on the influence of dingoes on the Australian sheep flock. Australian Veterinary Journal 92, 461–462.
| A comment on the influence of dingoes on the Australian sheep flock.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 25424756PubMed |
Franks, A. J. (2002). The ecological consequences of Buffel Grass Cenchrus ciliaris establishment within remnant vegetation of Queensland. Pacific Conservation Biology 8, 99–107.
| The ecological consequences of Buffel Grass Cenchrus ciliaris establishment within remnant vegetation of Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Freudenberger, D., and Hacker, R. B. (1997). The effect of temporary closure of watering points on grazing intensity of red and grey kangaroos with related observations on feral goats. The Rangeland Journal 19, 157–165.
| The effect of temporary closure of watering points on grazing intensity of red and grey kangaroos with related observations on feral goats.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Freudenberger, D., Wilson, A., and Palmer, R. (1999). The effects of perennial grasses, stocking rate and rainfall on sheep production in a semi-arid woodland of eastern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 21, 199–219.
| The effects of perennial grasses, stocking rate and rainfall on sheep production in a semi-arid woodland of eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fuhlendorf, S. D., Fynn, R. W. S., McGranahan, D. A., and Twidwell, D. (2017). Heterogeneity as the basis for rangeland management. In: ‘Rangeland Systems: Processes, Management and Challenges’. (Ed. D. D. Briske.) pp. 169–196. (Springer Open: Cham, Switzerland.)
Fuls, E. (1992). Ecosystem modification created by patch-overgrazing in semi-arid grassland. Journal of Arid Environments 23, 59–69.
| Ecosystem modification created by patch-overgrazing in semi-arid grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Fyfe, W. V. (1940). Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into and Report upon the Financial and Economic Position of the Pastoral Industry in the Leasehold Areas in Western Australia. Government Printer, Perth, WA, Australia.
Fynn, R. W. S., Kirkman, K. P., and Dames, R. (2017). Optimal grazing management strategies: evaluating key concepts. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 34, 87–98.
| Optimal grazing management strategies: evaluating key concepts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gammage, B. (2012). ‘The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines Made Australia.’ (Allen and Unwin: Sydney, NSW, Australia.)
Garnaut, R. (2019). ‘Super-power: Australia’s Low-carbon Opportunity.’ (La Trobe University Press, in conjunction with B Lack Inc.: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Gergis, J. (2018). ‘Sunburnt Country; The History and Future of Climate Change in Australia.’ (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Glen, A. S., and Short, H. (2000). The control of dingos in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance. Australian Zoologist 31, 432–442.
| The control of dingos in New South Wales in the period 1883–1930 and its likely impact on their distribution and abundance.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Graetz, R. D. (1986). A comparative study of sheep grazing a semi-arid saltbush pasture in two condition classes. Australian Rangeland Journal 8, 46–56.
| A comparative study of sheep grazing a semi-arid saltbush pasture in two condition classes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Grice, A. C. (2006). The impacts of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 28, 27–35.
| The impacts of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Haby, N. A., and Brandle, R. (2018). Passive recovery of small vertebrates following livestock removal in the Australian rangelands. Restoration Ecology 26, 174–182.
| Passive recovery of small vertebrates following livestock removal in the Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B. (1987). Species responses to grazing and environmental factors in an arid halophytic shrubland community. Australian Journal of Botany 35, 135–150.
| Species responses to grazing and environmental factors in an arid halophytic shrubland community.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B. (1993). A brief evaluation of time control grazing. In: ‘Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Grassland Society of New South Wales’. (Ed. D. Michalk.) pp. 82–89. (Grassland Society of New South Wales: Orange, NSW, Australia.)
Hacker, R. B. (2010). Extensive grazing systems. In: ‘International Sheep and Wool Handbook’. (Ed. D. Cottle.) pp. 507–532. (Nottingham University Press: Nottingham, UK.)
Hacker, R. B. (2013). Celebrating diversity: people, place and purpose. A synthesis of the 17th biennial conference of The Australian Rangeland Society. The Rangeland Journal 35, 241–244.
| Celebrating diversity: people, place and purpose. A synthesis of the 17th biennial conference of The Australian Rangeland Society.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., and Alemseged, Y. (2014). Incorporating farmed goats into sustainable rangeland grazing systems in southern Australia: a review. The Rangeland Journal 36, 25–33.
| Incorporating farmed goats into sustainable rangeland grazing systems in southern Australia: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., and Freudenberger, D. (1997). The effect of short-term exclosure of watering points on the behaviour and harvesting efficiency of grey and red kangaroos. The Rangeland Journal 19, 145–156.
| The effect of short-term exclosure of watering points on the behaviour and harvesting efficiency of grey and red kangaroos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., and Hodgkinson, K. C. (1996). Implementing tactical grazing in whole property management. In: ‘Rangelands in a Sustainable Biosphere: Proceedings of the Fifth International Rangeland Congress’. (Ed. N. E. West.) pp. 197–198. (Society for Range Management: Denver, CO.)
Hacker, R., and McLeod, S. (2003). ‘Living with Kangaroos. A Guide to Kangaroos and their Management in the Murray–Darling Basin.’ (NSW Agriculture.) ISBN 0 7347 1505 6.
Hacker, R. B., and Smith, W. J. (2007). An evaluation of the DDH/100mm stocking rate index and an alternative approach to stocking rate estimation. The Rangeland Journal 29, 139–148.
| An evaluation of the DDH/100mm stocking rate index and an alternative approach to stocking rate estimation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Hodgkinson, K. C., Melville, G. J., Bean, J., and Clipperton, S. P. (2006a). Death model for tussock perennial grasses: thresholds for grazing-induced mortality of mulga Mitchell grass (Thyridolepis mitchelliana). The Rangeland Journal 28, 105–114.
| Death model for tussock perennial grasses: thresholds for grazing-induced mortality of mulga Mitchell grass (Thyridolepis mitchelliana).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Alemseged, Y., Carberry, P. M., Browne, R. H., and Smith, W. J. (2006b). ‘Betting on Rain.’ (New South Wales Department of Primary Industries: Orange, NSW, Australia.)
Hacker, R. B., Jessop, P. J., Smith, W. J., and Melville, G. J. (2010). A ground cover-based incentive approach to enhancing resilience in rangelands viewed as complex adaptive systems. The Rangeland Journal 32, 283–291.
| A ground cover-based incentive approach to enhancing resilience in rangelands viewed as complex adaptive systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Sinclair, K., and Waters, C. M. (2019a). Total grazing pressure: a defining concept for extensive pastoral systems in the southern rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 41, 457–460.
| Total grazing pressure: a defining concept for extensive pastoral systems in the southern rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Sinclair, K., and Pahl, L. (2019b). Prospects for ecologically and socially sustainable management of total grazing pressure in the southern rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 41, 581–586.
| Prospects for ecologically and socially sustainable management of total grazing pressure in the southern rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hacker, R. B., Barclay, R. M., Brill, B. J., Curran, G. C., Norris, D. A., and Woods, G. R. (Undated). The Western Uplands Landsafe Management Project, N061, January 1990–December 1994. Final Report, Murray–Darling Basin Natural Resources Management Strategy. NSW Agriculture. ISBN 0 7310 5628 0.
Hamilton, J. S., Chilcott, C. R., and Savage, D. B. (2008). Contemporary livestock carrying capacities for pastoral properties in northern Australia: a methodology for integrating objective data on pasture growth and condition. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 735–740.
| Contemporary livestock carrying capacities for pastoral properties in northern Australia: a methodology for integrating objective data on pasture growth and condition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hansen, P. J. (2009). Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 364, 3341–3350.
| Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 19833646PubMed |
Harrington, G. N. (1991). Effects of soil moisture on shrub seedling survival in a semi-arid grassland. Ecology 72, 1138–1149.
| Effects of soil moisture on shrub seedling survival in a semi-arid grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Harrington, G. N., Wilson, A. D., and Young, M. D. (Eds) (1984a). ‘Management of Australia’s Rangelands.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Harrington, G. N., Mills, D. M. D., Pressland, A. J., and Hodgkinson, K. C. (1984b). Semi-Arid Woodlands. In: ‘Management of Australia’s Rangelands’. (Eds G. N. Harrington, A. D. Wilson and M. D. Young.) pp. 189–207. (CSIRO: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Hart, Q., and Edwards, G. (2016). Outcomes of the Australian Feral Camel Management Project and the future of feral camel management in Australia. The Rangeland Journal 38, 201–206.
| Outcomes of the Australian Feral Camel Management Project and the future of feral camel management in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hawkins, H. J. (2017). A global assessment of Holistic Planned Grazing™ compared with season-long, continuous grazing: meta-analysis findings. African Journal of Range & Forage Science 34, 65–75.
| A global assessment of Holistic Planned Grazing™ compared with season-long, continuous grazing: meta-analysis findings.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higgins, S. I., Kantelhardt, J., Scheiter, S., and Boerner, J. (2007). Sustainable management of extensively managed savanna rangelands. Ecological Economics 62, 102–114.
| Sustainable management of extensively managed savanna rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Higgins, V., Dibden, J., Potter, C., Moon, K., and Cocklin, C. (2014). Payments for ecosystem services, neoliberalisation, and the hybrid governance of land management in Australia. Journal of Rural Studies 36, 463–474.
| Payments for ecosystem services, neoliberalisation, and the hybrid governance of land management in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hodgkinson, K. C., and Harington, G. N. (1985). The case for prescribed burning to control shrubs in eastern semi-arid woodlands. Australian Rangeland Journal 7, 64–74.
| The case for prescribed burning to control shrubs in eastern semi-arid woodlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holechek, J. L., Gomez, H., Molinar, F., and Galt, D. (1999). Grazing studies: what we’ve learned. Rangelands 21, 12–16.
Holechek, J. L., Gomes, H., Molinar, F., Galt, D., and Valdez, R. (2000). Short-duration grazing: the facts in 1999. Rangelands 22, 18–22.
| Short-duration grazing: the facts in 1999.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holm, A. McR., Watson, I. W., Loneragan, W. A., and Adams, M. A. (2003). Loss of patch-scale heterogeneity on primary productivity and rainfall-use efficiency in Western Australia. Basic and Applied Ecology 4, 569–578.
| Loss of patch-scale heterogeneity on primary productivity and rainfall-use efficiency in Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holm, A. McR., Watson, I. W., Speijers, E. J., Allen, R. J., Eliot, G. J., Shackleton, K. R., and Stretch, J. K. (2005). Loss of patch-scale heterogeneity on secondary productivity in the arid shrubland of Western Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 61, 631–649.
| Loss of patch-scale heterogeneity on secondary productivity in the arid shrubland of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holmes, J. (2002). Diversity and change in Australia’s rangelands: a post-productivist transition with a difference? Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 27, 362–384.
| Diversity and change in Australia’s rangelands: a post-productivist transition with a difference?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Holmes, P. R. (2015). Rangeland pastoralism: change and sustainability. In: ‘Innovation in the Rangelands. Proceedings of the 18th Australian Rangeland Society Biennial Conference’, Alice Springs, NT, Australia. (Ed. M. H. Friedel.) p. 5. (Australian Rangeland Society: Parkside, SA, Australia.)
Hosking, J. R., McFadyen, R. E., and Murray, N. D. (1988). Distribution and biological control of cactus species in eastern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 3, 115–123.
Howden, S. M., Moore, J. L., McKeon, G. M., and Carter, J. O. (2001). Global change and the mulga woodlands of southwest Queensland: greenhouse gas emissions, impacts, and adaptation. Environment International 27, 161–166.
| Global change and the mulga woodlands of southwest Queensland: greenhouse gas emissions, impacts, and adaptation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11697664PubMed |
Hrdina, F. (1997). Marsupial destruction in Queensland 1877–1930. Australian Zoologist 30, 272–286.
| Marsupial destruction in Queensland 1877–1930.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunt, L. P. (2001). Heterogeneous grazing causes local extinction of edible perennial shrubs: a matrix analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 238–252.
| Heterogeneous grazing causes local extinction of edible perennial shrubs: a matrix analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunt, L. P. (2003). Opportunities for the future in Australia’s grazed rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 25, 183–195.
| Opportunities for the future in Australia’s grazed rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hunt, L. P., McIvor, J. G., Grice, A. C., and Bray, S. G. (2014). Principles and guidelines for managing cattle grazing in the grazing lands of northern Australia: stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, paddock size and water points: a review. The Rangeland Journal 36, 105–119.
| Principles and guidelines for managing cattle grazing in the grazing lands of northern Australia: stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, paddock size and water points: a review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
James, C. D. (2003). Response of vertebrates to fenceline contrasts in grazing intensity in semi‐arid woodlands of eastern Australia. Austral Ecology 28, 137–151.
| Response of vertebrates to fenceline contrasts in grazing intensity in semi‐arid woodlands of eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnson, J. S. (2018). Heat stress: impact on livestock well-being and productivity and mitigation strategies to alleviate the negative effects. Animal Production Science 58, 1404–1413.
| Heat stress: impact on livestock well-being and productivity and mitigation strategies to alleviate the negative effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnston, P. W., McKeon, G. M., and Day, K. A. (1996a). Objective ‘safe’ grazing capacities for south-west Queensland Australia: development of a model for individual properties. The Rangeland Journal 18, 244–258.
| Objective ‘safe’ grazing capacities for south-west Queensland Australia: development of a model for individual properties.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Johnston, P. W., Tannock, P. R., and Beale, I. F. (1996b). Objective ‘safe’ grazing capacities for south-west Queensland Australia: model application and evaluation. The Rangeland Journal 18, 259–269.
| Objective ‘safe’ grazing capacities for south-west Queensland Australia: model application and evaluation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, R. J., and Sandland, R. L. (1974). The relationship between animal gain and stocking rate. Derivation of the relation from the results of grazing trials. The Journal of Agricultural Science 83, 335–342.
| The relationship between animal gain and stocking rate. Derivation of the relation from the results of grazing trials.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, R., Saunders, G., and Balogh, S. (2006). An Economic Evaluation of a Pest Management Control Program: ‘Outfox the Fox’. Economic Research Report No. 29. NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange. Available at: http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/10550
Khairo, S. A., Hacker, R. B., Atkinson, T. L., and Turnbull, G. L. (2011). Economic analysis of feral goat control within the NSW rangeland. Report prepared for Western Catchment Management Authority. Economic Research Report No. 47. 56 pp. NSW Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services, Trangie, NSW, Australia.
Khairo, S. A., Hacker, R. B., Atkinson, T. L., and Turnbull, G. L. (2013). Alternative strategies for management of feral goats: implications for natural resource management policies in New South Wales rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 35, 201–210.
| Alternative strategies for management of feral goats: implications for natural resource management policies in New South Wales rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Landsberg, J., James, C. D., Morton, S. R., Hobbs, T. J., Stol, J., Drew, A., and Tongway, H. (1997). The effects of artificial sources of water on rangeland biodiversity. Final Report to the Biodiversity Conservation and Strategy Section of the Biodiversity Group, Environment Australia. Environment Australia and CSIRO.
Landsberg, R. G., Ash, A. J., Shepherd, R. K., and McKeon, G. M. (1998). Learning from history to survive in the future: management evolution on Trafalgar Station, north-east Queensland. The Rangeland Journal 20, 104–118.
| Learning from history to survive in the future: management evolution on Trafalgar Station, north-east Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Landsberg, J., James, C. D., Morton, S. R., Müller, W. J., and Stol, J. (2003). Abundance and composition of plant species along grazing gradients in Australian rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology 40, 1008–1024.
| Abundance and composition of plant species along grazing gradients in Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lange, R. T., Nicholson, A. D., and Nicholson, D. A. (1984). Vegetation management of chenopod rangelands in South Australia. The Rangeland Journal 6, 46–54.
| Vegetation management of chenopod rangelands in South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leigh, J. H., Wilson, A. D., and Mulham, W. E. (1968). A study of Merino sheep grazing a cotton-bush (Kochia aphylla)–grassland (Stipa variabilis, Danthonia caespitosa) community on the Riverine Plain. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 947–961.
| A study of Merino sheep grazing a cotton-bush (Kochia aphylla)–grassland (Stipa variabilis, Danthonia caespitosa) community on the Riverine Plain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ludwig, J. A., and Tongway, D. J. (1997). A landscape approach to rangeland ecology. In: ‘Landscape Ecology, Function and Management: Principles from Australia’s Rangelands’. (Eds J. Ludwig, D. Tongway, D. Freudenberger, J. Noble and K. Hodgkinson.) pp. 1–12. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Lunney, D. (2001). Causes of the extinction of native mammals of the Western Division of New South Wales: an ecological interpretation of the nineteenth century historical record. The Rangeland Journal 23, 44–70.
| Causes of the extinction of native mammals of the Western Division of New South Wales: an ecological interpretation of the nineteenth century historical record.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
MacLeod, N. D. (1990). Issues of size and viability of pastoral holdings in the Western Division of New South Wales. Australian Rangeland Journal 12, 67–78.
| Issues of size and viability of pastoral holdings in the Western Division of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall, N. A. (2015). Adaptive capacity of the northern Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 37, 617–622.
| Adaptive capacity of the northern Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Marshall, G. R., and Stafford-Smith, D. M. (2010). Natural resources governance for the drylands of the Murray–Darling Basin. The Rangeland Journal 32, 267–282.
| Natural resources governance for the drylands of the Murray–Darling Basin.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McCosker, T. (2000). Cell Grazing: the first 10 years in Australia. Tropical Grasslands 34, 207–218.
McDonald, S. E., Reid, N., Waters, C. M., Smith, R., and Hunter, J. (2018). Improving ground cover and landscape function in a semi-arid rangeland through alternative grazing management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 268, 8–14.
| Improving ground cover and landscape function in a semi-arid rangeland through alternative grazing management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald, S. E., Lawrence, R., Kendall, L., and Rader, R. (2019a). Ecological, biophysical and production effects of incorporating rest into grazing regimes: a global meta‐analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 56, 2723–2731.
| Ecological, biophysical and production effects of incorporating rest into grazing regimes: a global meta‐analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald, S. E., Reid, N., Smith, R., Waters, C. M., Hunter, J., and Rader, R. (2019b). Rotational grazing management achieves similar plant diversity outcomes to areas managed for conservation in a semi-arid rangeland. The Rangeland Journal 41, 135–145.
| Rotational grazing management achieves similar plant diversity outcomes to areas managed for conservation in a semi-arid rangeland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald, S. E., Reid, N., Smith, R., Waters, C. M., Hunter, J., and Rader, R. (2020). Comparison of biodiversity and ground cover between a commercial rotationally grazed property and an adjacent nature reserve in semi-arid rangeland. Austral Ecology 45, 60–69.
| Comparison of biodiversity and ground cover between a commercial rotationally grazed property and an adjacent nature reserve in semi-arid rangeland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McKeon, G. M., Hall, W. B., Henry, B. K., Stone, G. S., and Watson, I. W. (Eds) (2004). ‘Pasture Degradation and Recovery in Australia’s Rangelands: Learning from History.’ (Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.)
McKeon, G. M., Stone, G. S., Syktus, J. I., Carter, J. O., Flood, N. R., Ahrens, D. G., Bruget, D. N., Chilcott, C. R., Cobon, D. H., Cowley, R. A., Crimp, S. J., Fraser, G. W., Howden, S. M., Johnston, P. W., Ryan, J. G., Stokes, C. J., and Day, K. A. (2009). Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues. The Rangeland Journal 31, 1–29.
| Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McLeod, S. R., and Hacker, R. B. (2019). Balancing stakeholder interests in kangaroo management: historical perspectives and future prospects. The Rangeland Journal 41, 567–579.
| Balancing stakeholder interests in kangaroo management: historical perspectives and future prospects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Miller, G., Friedel, M., Adam, P., and Chewings, V. (2010). Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia: does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback? The Rangeland Journal 32, 353–365.
| Ecological impacts of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) invasion in central Australia: does field evidence support a fire-invasion feedback?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moore, J. L., Howden, S. M., McKeon, G. M., Carter, J. O., and Scanlan, J. C. (2001). The dynamics of grazed woodlands in southwest Queensland, Australia and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Environment International 27, 147–153.
| The dynamics of grazed woodlands in southwest Queensland, Australia and their effect on greenhouse gas emissions.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 11697662PubMed |
Morrissey, J. G., and O’Connor, R. E. Y. (1989). 28 years of station management, ‘fair use and a fair go’. W. A. Dept. of Agriculture Pastoral Memo (Carnarvon) 13, 2–9.
Morton, S. R. (1990). The impact of European settlement on the vertebrate animals of arid Australia: a conceptual model. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 201–213.
Morton, S. R., Stafford-Smith, D. M., Friedel, M. H., Griffin, G. F., and Pickup, G. (1995). The stewardship of arid Australia: ecology and landscape management. Journal of Environmental Management 43, 195–217.
| The stewardship of arid Australia: ecology and landscape management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Moseby, K. E., Neilly, H., Read, J. L., and Crisp, H. A. (2012). Interactions between a top order predator and exotic mesopredators in the Australian rangelands. International Journal of Ecology 2012, 250352.
| Interactions between a top order predator and exotic mesopredators in the Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nicholson, A. D. (2017). ‘Wizzo. The Story of a Well and the Nicholson Family.’ (Openbook Howden Print and Design: Adelaide, SA, Australia.)
Nielsen, U. N., Stafford-Smith, M., Metternicht, G. I., Ash, A., Baumber, A., Boer, M. M., Booth, S., Burnside, D., Churchill, A. C., Hassan, M. E., Friedel, M. H., Goode, C. M., Kelly, D., Leys, J. F., McDonald, S. E., Maru, Y. T., Phelps, D. G., Ridges, M., Simpson, G., Traill, B., Walker, B., Waters, C. M., and Whyte, A. W. (2020). Challenges, solutions and research priorities for sustainable rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 42, 359–373.
| Challenges, solutions and research priorities for sustainable rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nix, H. A., and Austin, M. P. (1973). Mulga: a bioclimatic analysis. Tropical Grasslands 7, 9–21.
Noble, J. C. (Undated). ‘The Delicate and Noxious Scrub. CSIRO Studies on Native Tree and Shrub Proliferation in the Semi-Arid Woodlands of Eastern Australia.’ (CSIRO)
Noble, I., Barson, M., Dumsday, R., Friedel, M., Hacker, R., McKenzie, N., Smith, G., Young, M., Maliel, M., and Zammit, C. (1996). Land resources. In: ‘Australia: State of the Environment 1996’. pp. 6-1–6-55. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne, Vic., Australia.)
Norbury, G. L. (1992). An electrified watering trough that selectively excludes kangaroos. The Rangeland Journal 14, 3–8.
| An electrified watering trough that selectively excludes kangaroos.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norbury, G. L., and Norbury, D. C. (1993). The distribution of red kangaroos in relation to range regeneration. The Rangeland Journal 15, 3–11.
| The distribution of red kangaroos in relation to range regeneration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Norbury, G. L., Norbury, D. C., and Hacker, R. B. (1993). Impact of red kangaroos on the pasture layer in the Western Australian arid zone. The Rangeland Journal 15, 12–23.
| Impact of red kangaroos on the pasture layer in the Western Australian arid zone.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Northcote, K. H. (1979). ‘A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils.’ 4th edn. (Rellim Technical Publications: Adelaide, SA, Australia.)
Norton, B. (1998). The application of grazing management to increase sustainable livestock production. Animal Production in Australia 22, 15–26.
Norton, B. E. (2003). Spatial management of grazing to enhance both livestock production and resource condition: a scientific argument. In: ‘Proceedings of the VIIth International Rangeland Congress’, 26 July–1 August, Durban, South Africa. (Eds N. Allsop, A. R. Palmer, S. J. Milton, H. P. Kirkman, G. J. H. Kerley, C. R. Hurt, C. J. and Brown.) pp. 810–820. (Grassland Society of Southern Africa.) ISBN 0-958-45348-9.
Novelly, P. E., and Warburton, D. (2012). A Report on the Viability of Pastoral Leases in the Southern Rangelands Pastoral Region Based on Biophysical Assessment. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia. 44 pp.
Noy-Meir, I. (1973). Desert ecosystems: environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4, 25–51.
| Desert ecosystems: environment and producers.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Orgill, S. E., Waters, C. M., Melville, G., Toole, I., Alemseged, Y., and Smith, W. (2017). Sensitivity of soil organic carbon to grazing management in the semi-arid rangelands of south-eastern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 39, 153–167.
| Sensitivity of soil organic carbon to grazing management in the semi-arid rangelands of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Osborn, T. G. B., Wood, J. G., and Paltridge, T. B. (1932). On the growth and reaction to grazing of the perennial saltbush, Atriplex vesicaria: an ecological study of the biotic factor. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57, 377–402.
Pahl, L. (2019a). Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 2. Equivalency in what and where they eat. The Rangeland Journal 41, 519–533.
| Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 2. Equivalency in what and where they eat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pahl, L. (2019b). Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 1. Equivalency in how much they eat. The Rangeland Journal 41, 497–518.
| Macropods, feral goats, sheep and cattle. 1. Equivalency in how much they eat.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Passmore, J. G. I., and Brown, C. G. (1992). Property size and rangeland degradation in the Queensland mulga rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 14, 9–25.
| Property size and rangeland degradation in the Queensland mulga rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Payne, A. L., Curry, P. J., and Spencer, G. F. (1987). ‘An Inventory and Condition Survey of Rangelands in the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia.’ Technical Bulletin No. 73. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, WA, Australia.) ISSN 0083-867.
Payne, A. L., Mitchell, A. A., and Holman, W. F. (1988). ‘An Inventory and Condition Survey of Rangelands in the Ashburton River Catchment, Western Australia.’ Technical Bulletin No. 62. Revised edn. (Department of Agriculture: Perth, WA, Australia.) ISSN 0083-8675.
Pickup, G., and Stafford-Smith, M. (1993). Prospects and procedures for assessing the sustainability of pastoral land management in Australia. Journal of Biogeography 20, 471–487.
| Prospects and procedures for assessing the sustainability of pastoral land management in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Polley, H. W., Mayeux, H. W., Johnson, H. B., and Tischler, C. R. (1997). Viewpoint: atmospheric CO2, soil water, and shrub/grass ratios on rangelands. Journal of Range Management 50, 278–284.
| Viewpoint: atmospheric CO2, soil water, and shrub/grass ratios on rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Powell, O., Silcock, J., and Fensham, R. (2015). Oases to oblivion: the rapid demise of springs in the south‐eastern Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Ground Water 53, 171–178.
| Oases to oblivion: the rapid demise of springs in the south‐eastern Great Artesian Basin, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 24350604PubMed |
Pringle, H. J. R., and Tinley, K. L. (2003). Are we overlooking critical geomorphic determinants of landscape change in Australian rangelands? Ecological Management & Restoration 4, 180–186.
| Are we overlooking critical geomorphic determinants of landscape change in Australian rangelands?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pringle, H. J. R., Watson, I. W., and Tinley, K. L. (2006). Landscape improvement, or ongoing degradation – reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia. Landscape Ecology 21, 1267–1279.
| Landscape improvement, or ongoing degradation – reconciling apparent contradictions from the arid rangelands of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Purvis, J. R. (1986). Nurture the land: my philosophies of pastoral management in central Australia. Australian Rangeland Journal 8, 110–117.
| Nurture the land: my philosophies of pastoral management in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Read, J. L., and Cunningham, R. (2010). Relative impacts of cattle grazing and feral animals on an Australian arid zone reptile and small mammal assemblage. Austral Ecology 35, 314–324.
| Relative impacts of cattle grazing and feral animals on an Australian arid zone reptile and small mammal assemblage.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reid, J., and Fleming, M. (1992). The conservation status of birds in arid Australia. The Rangeland Journal 14, 65–91.
| The conservation status of birds in arid Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Revell, D. K., Maynard, B., Erkelenz, P. A., and Thomas, D. T. (2015). Rangeland self-herding – positively influencing grazing distribution to benefit livestock, landscapes and people. In: ‘Proceedings of the 18th Australian Rangeland Society Biennial Conference’. (Ed. M. H. Friedel.) (Australian Rangeland Society: Perth.) https://austrangesoc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ARS_2015_3.08.-Revell-et-al.pdf
Reynolds, J. F., Smith, D. M. S., Lambin, E. F., Turner, B. L., Mortimore, M., Batterbury, S. P. J., Downing, T. E., Dowlatabadi, H., Fernández, R. J., Herrick, J. E., Huber-Sannwald, E., Jiang, H., Leemans, R., Lynam, T., Maestre, F. T., Ayarza, M., and Walker, B. (2007). Global desertification: building a science for dryland development. Science 316, 847–851.
| Global desertification: building a science for dryland development.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 17495163PubMed |
Rickert, K. G. (1996). Stocking rate and sustainable grazing systems. Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 96–4, 29–65.
Ridges, M., Kelly, M., Simpson, G., Leys, J., Booth, S., Friedel, M., and Country, N. (2020). Understanding how Aboriginal culture can contribute to the resilient future of rangelands: the importance of Aboriginal core values. The Rangeland Journal 42, 247–251.
| Understanding how Aboriginal culture can contribute to the resilient future of rangelands: the importance of Aboriginal core values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roe, R., and Allen, G. H. (1993). Studies on the Mitchell grass association in south-western Queensland. 3. Pasture and wool production under different rates of stocking and continuous or rotational grazing. The Rangeland Journal 15, 302–319.
| Studies on the Mitchell grass association in south-western Queensland. 3. Pasture and wool production under different rates of stocking and continuous or rotational grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roshier, D. A., and Barchia, I. (1993). Relationships between sheep production, stocking rate and rainfall on commercial sheep properties in western New South Wales. The Rangeland Journal 15, 79–93.
| Relationships between sheep production, stocking rate and rainfall on commercial sheep properties in western New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Roshier, D. A., and Nichol, H. I. (1998). Implications of spatio-temporal variation in forage production and utilisation for animal productivity in extensive grazing systems. The Rangeland Journal 20, 3–25.
| Implications of spatio-temporal variation in forage production and utilisation for animal productivity in extensive grazing systems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanderman, J., Reseigh, J., Wurst, M., Young, M. A., and Austin, J. (2015). Impacts of rotational grazing on soil carbon in native grass-based pastures in southern Australia. PLoS One 10, e0136157.
| Impacts of rotational grazing on soil carbon in native grass-based pastures in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 26284658PubMed |
Sanjari, G., Ghadiri, H., Ciesiolka, C. A., and Yu, B. (2008). Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland. Soil Research 46, 348–358.
| Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sanjari, G., Ghadiri, H., and Yu, B. (2016). Effects of time-controlled and continuous grazing on total herbage mass and ground cover. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 117, 165–174.
Saunders, D., and Curry, P. (1990). The impact of agricultural and pastoral industries on birds in the southern half of Western Australia: past, present and future. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 303–321.
Savory, A. (1983). The Savory grazing method or holistic resource management. Rangelands 5, 155–159.
Savory, A. (2013). How to fight desertification and reverse climate change. TED Talk. Available at: https://www.ted.com/talks/allan_savory_how_to_green_the_world_s_deserts_and_reverse_climate_change [accessed June 2020].
Silcock, J. L., and Fensham, R. J. (2013). Arid vegetation in disequilibrium with livestock grazing: evidence from long-term exclosures. Austral Ecology 38, 57–65.
| Arid vegetation in disequilibrium with livestock grazing: evidence from long-term exclosures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silcock, J. L., and Fensham, R. J. (2019). Degraded or just dusty? Examining ecological change in arid lands. Bioscience 69, 508–522.
| Degraded or just dusty? Examining ecological change in arid lands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Silcock, J. L., Healy, A. J., and Fensham, R. J. (2014). Lost in time and space: re-assessment of conservation status in an arid-zone flora through targeted field survey. Australian Journal of Botany 62, 674–688.
| Lost in time and space: re-assessment of conservation status in an arid-zone flora through targeted field survey.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinclair, K., Curtis, A. L., Atkinson, T., and Hacker, R. B. (2019a). Public attitudes to animal welfare and landholder resource limitations: implications for total grazing pressure management in the southern rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 41, 477–484.
| Public attitudes to animal welfare and landholder resource limitations: implications for total grazing pressure management in the southern rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sinclair, K., Curtis, A. L., Hacker, R. B., and Atkinson, T. (2019b). Stakeholder judgements of the social acceptability of control practices for kangaroos, unmanaged goats and feral pigs in the south-eastern rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 41, 485–496.
| Stakeholder judgements of the social acceptability of control practices for kangaroos, unmanaged goats and feral pigs in the south-eastern rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
SRM Glossary (Society for Range Management) (2020). Available at: https://globalrangelands.org/glossary?term= [accessed 24 July 2020].
Stafford Smith, D. M., and McAllister, R. R. J. (2008). Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability: an approach from first principles. The Rangeland Journal 30, 15–27.
| Managing arid zone natural resources in Australia for spatial and temporal variability: an approach from first principles.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stafford-Smith, D. M., Morton, S. R., and Ash, A. J. (2000). Towards sustainable pastoralism in Australia’s rangelands. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 7, 190–203.
| Towards sustainable pastoralism in Australia’s rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stafford Smith, D. M., McKeon, G. M., Watson, I. W., Henry, B. K., Stone, G. S., Hall, W. B., and Howden, S. M. (2007). Learning from episodes of degradation and recovery in variable Australian rangelands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 20690–20695.
| Learning from episodes of degradation and recovery in variable Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18093932PubMed |
Stone, G. S. (2004). Analysis of grazing pressure from the long-term livestock records of two western Queensland pastoral properties. In: ‘Pasture Degradation and Recovery in Australia’s Rangelands: Learning from History’. (Eds G. M. McKeon, W. B. Hall, B. K. Henry, G. S. Stone and I. W. Watson.) pp. 191–235. (Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy: Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia.)
Teague, R., Provenza, F., Norton, B., Steffens, T., Barnes, M., Kothmann, M., and Roath, R. (2008). Benefits of multi-paddock grazing management on rangelands: limitations of experimental grazing research and knowledge gaps. In: ‘Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration’. (Ed. H. G. Schroder.) pp. 41–80. (Nova Science Publishers: Hauppauge, NY, USA.)
Teague, R., Provenza, F., Kreuter, U., Steffens, T., and Barnes, M. (2013). Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience? Journal of Environmental Management 128, 699–717.
| Multi-paddock grazing on rangelands: why the perceptual dichotomy between research results and rancher experience?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 23850765PubMed |
Tiver, F., and Andrew, M. H. (1997). Relative effects of herbivory by sheep, rabbits, goats and kangaroos on recruitment and regeneration of shrubs and trees in eastern South Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 903–914.
| Relative effects of herbivory by sheep, rabbits, goats and kangaroos on recruitment and regeneration of shrubs and trees in eastern South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Tongway, D. J., and Ludwig, J. A. (1997). The nature of landscape dysfunction in rangelands. In: ‘Landscape Ecology, Function and Management: Principles from Australia’s Rangelands’. (Eds J. Ludwig, D. Tongway, D. Freudenberger, J. Noble and K. Hodgkinson.) pp. 49–61. (CSIRO Publishing: Canberra, ACT, Australia.)
Tothill, J. C., and Gillies, C. (1992). The pasture lands of northern Australia. Occasional Paper No. 5. Tropical Grasslands Society of Australia.
Tupper, G. (1978). Sheep production on a Danthonia caespitosa-Stipa variabilis grassland in response to fertilizers and deferred grazing. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 18, 210–217.
| Sheep production on a Danthonia caespitosa-Stipa variabilis grassland in response to fertilizers and deferred grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
URS (2004). Final evaluation of the Gascoyne-Murchison strategy: final report prepared for Department of Agriculture and The Board, Gascoyne–Murchison Strategy.
URS (2013). Final Report. Sustainable land use and economic development opportunities in the Western Australian Rangelands. Report prepared for Department of Agriculture and Food.
URS (2015). Evaluation of the WEST 2000 Plus Program. Report prepared for Western Local Land Services by URS Australia Pty Ltd, 22 May 2015.
van Etten, E. J. B. (2009). Inter-annual Rainfall Variability of Arid Australia: greater than elsewhere? The Australian Geographer 40, 109–120.
| Inter-annual Rainfall Variability of Arid Australia: greater than elsewhere?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Etten, E. J. B. (2013). Changes to land tenure and pastoral lease ownership in Western Australia’s central rangelands: implications for co-operative, landscape-scale management. The Rangeland Journal 35, 37–46.
| Changes to land tenure and pastoral lease ownership in Western Australia’s central rangelands: implications for co-operative, landscape-scale management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
van Klinken, R. D., and Friedel, M. H. (2017). Unassisted invasions: understanding and responding to Australia’s high-impact environmental grass weeds. Australian Journal of Botany 65, 678–690.
| Unassisted invasions: understanding and responding to Australia’s high-impact environmental grass weeds.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ward, D. (2010). A resource ratio model of the effects of changes in CO2 on woody plant invasion. Plant Ecology 209, 147–152.
| A resource ratio model of the effects of changes in CO2 on woody plant invasion.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waters, C. M., Orgill, S. E., Melville, G. J., Toole, I. D., and Smith, W. J. (2017). Management of grazing intensity in the semi-arid rangelands of southern Australia: effects on soil and biodiversity. Land Degradation & Development 28, 1363–1375.
| Management of grazing intensity in the semi-arid rangelands of southern Australia: effects on soil and biodiversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waters, C., Reseigh-O’Brien, J., Pahl, L., Atkinson, T., Burnside, D., and Revell, D. (2018). Addressing feed supply and demand through total grazing pressure management. NSW Department of Primary Industries. p.173.
Waters, C. M., McDonald, S. E., Reseigh, J., Grant, R., and Burnside, D. G. (2019). Insights on the relationship between total grazing pressure management and sustainable land management: key indicators to verify impacts. The Rangeland Journal 41, 535–556.
| Insights on the relationship between total grazing pressure management and sustainable land management: key indicators to verify impacts.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson, I. W., and Novelly, P. E. (2012). Transitions across thresholds of vegetation states in the grazed rangelands of Western Australia. The Rangeland Journal 34, 231–238.
| Transitions across thresholds of vegetation states in the grazed rangelands of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson, I. W., Holm, A. McR., Shackleton, K. R., and Allen, R. J. (1988). The effect of sheep stocking rate on red kangaroo grazing pressure. In: ‘Working papers of the 5th Biennial Australian Rangeland Society Conference’, June 1988, Longreach, Qld., Australia. pp. 62–65. (Australian Rangeland Society: Perth.)
Watson, I. W., Burnside, D. G., and Holm, A. McR. (1996). Event-driven or continuous: which is the better model for managers? The Rangeland Journal 18, 351–369.
| Event-driven or continuous: which is the better model for managers?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson, I. M., Westoby, M., and Holm, A. McR. (1997). Demography of two shrub species from an arid gazed ecosystem in Western Australia 1983–93. Journal of Ecology 85, 815–832.
| Demography of two shrub species from an arid gazed ecosystem in Western Australia 1983–93.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Watson, I. W., Richardson, J., Thomas, P., and Shepherd, D. (2005). Change in the rangelands of the Gascoyne–Murchison. Range Management Newsletter 5, 1–9.
Watson, I. W., Thomas, P. W. E., and Fletcher, W. J. (2007). The first assessment, using a rangeland monitoring system, of change in shrub and tree populations across the arid shrublands of Western Australia. The Rangeland Journal 29, 25–37.
| The first assessment, using a rangeland monitoring system, of change in shrub and tree populations across the arid shrublands of Western Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Western Australian Herbarium (1998). FloraBase: the Western Australian Flora. Department of Biodiversity, Conversation and Attractions. Available at: https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22872 [accessed 20 January 2021].
White, M. (2016). New AEGIC (Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre) maps show dramatic shift in Australia’s rainfall zones since 2000. Available at: https://www.aginnovators.org.au/news/new-aegic-maps-show-dramatic-shift-australias-rainfall-zones-2000 [accessed 22 May 2020].
Wilson, A. D. (1979). Management of natural pastures of south-western New South Wales. Australian Rangeland Journal 1, 351–362.
| Management of natural pastures of south-western New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, A. D. (1991a). The influence of kangaroos and forage on sheep productivity in the semi-arid woodlands. The Rangeland Journal 13, 69–80.
| The influence of kangaroos and forage on sheep productivity in the semi-arid woodlands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, A. D. (1991b). Forage utilization by sheep and kangaroos in a semi-arid woodland. The Rangeland Journal 13, 81–90.
| Forage utilization by sheep and kangaroos in a semi-arid woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, G. R., and Edwards, M. (2019). Professional kangaroo population control leads to better animal welfare, conservation outcomes and avoids waste. Australian Zoologist 40, 181–202.
| Professional kangaroo population control leads to better animal welfare, conservation outcomes and avoids waste.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, A., and Freebairn, A. (2017) Pastoralists as conservation providers: a new stewardship incentive mechanism for the South Australian rangelands. In: ‘Proceedings of the 19th Australian Rangeland Society Biennial Conference’. (Australian Rangeland Society: Australia.)
Wilson, A. D., and Leigh, J. H. (1970). Comparisons of the productivity of sheep grazing natural pastures of the Riverine Plain. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10, 549–553.
| Comparisons of the productivity of sheep grazing natural pastures of the Riverine Plain.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, A. D., and MacLeod, N. D. (1991). Overgrazing: present nor absent? Journal of Range Management 44, 475–482.
| Overgrazing: present nor absent?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Wilson, S., and Swan, G. (2017). ‘A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia.’ (Reed New Holland: Sydney, NSW, Australia.)
Wilson, G., Dexter, N., O’Brien, P., and Bomford, M. (1992). ‘Pest Animals in Australia. A Survey of Introduced Wild Animals.’ (Bureau of Rural Resources.)
Wilson, G., Edwards, M., and Byron, N. (2020). Custodianship of wildlife on private land to support conservation: an Australian model. The Rangeland Journal 42, 309–321.
| Custodianship of wildlife on private land to support conservation: an Australian model.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Windh, J. L., Ritten, J. P., Derner, J. D., Paisley, S., and Lee, B. (2020). Effects of long-term cattle market conditions on continuous season-long and rotational grazing system revenues. The Rangeland Journal 42, 227–231.
| Effects of long-term cattle market conditions on continuous season-long and rotational grazing system revenues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Witt, G. B., Harrington, R. A., and Page, M. J. (2009). Is ‘vegetation thickening’ occurring in Queensland’s mulga lands: a 50-year aerial photographic analysis. Australian Journal of Botany 57, 572–582.
| Is ‘vegetation thickening’ occurring in Queensland’s mulga lands: a 50-year aerial photographic analysis.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
WLLS (Western Local Land Services) (2019). Managing invasive native scrub. State of New South Wales through Local Land Services.
Woinarski, J. C. Z., and Fisher, A. (2003). Conservation and the maintenance of biodiversity in the rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 25, 157–171.
| Conservation and the maintenance of biodiversity in the rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Woods, G. (1992). Property and Grazing Management. In: ‘Rangeland Management in Western New South Wales’. (Ed. I. Simpson.) pp. 40–53. (NSW Agriculture: Orange, NSW, Australia.) ISBN 0 7305 6589 0.