Can livestock and fires convert the sub-tropical mountain rangelands of central Argentina into a rocky desert?
A. M. Cingolani A C , M. V. Vaieretti A , M. A. Giorgis A , N. La Torre B , J. I. Whitworth-Hulse A and D. Renison B
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), CC 495, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina.
B Centro de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Renovables – Dr Ricardo Luti, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.
C Corresponding author. Email: acingola@com.uncor.edu
The Rangeland Journal 35(3) 285-297 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ12095
Submitted: 26 November 2012 Accepted: 10 April 2013 Published: 28 May 2013
Abstract
Soil erosion, as a result of livestock grazing, has been widely reported for arid and semiarid ecosystems, but information is lacking in more mesic ecosystems where erosion is generally studied in relation to agriculture. To test the hypothesis that, in the high-mountain rangelands of Córdoba (Argentina), grazing by livestock can drive the system into a rocky desert, 200 4 × 4 m plots under different livestock stocking rates and timings of grazing were monitored for 5 years. Four indicators of soil erosion: change rate of rock surface and of total bare surface, advance rate of erosion edges, and their activity persistence were estimated for each plot. Erosion edges are steps with a vertical bare soil surface, whose advance usually leaves behind an exposed rock area. For each plot, the average annual stocking rate for the 5-year period, and an index of seasonality, were calculated. Multiple regressions were used to analyse the data. Under high stocking rates, rock and bare surface increased, edges advanced faster and persisted more actively, while under low or nil stocking rates, rock and bare surface decreased and edges tended to stabilise. From these results, it was estimated that under high stocking rates, 18% of the whole area could be transformed into rocky surface in 400 years. As fire is a usual tool for this rangeland management, surface soil loss during 1 year in 77 burned and unburned plots, with and without post-fire livestock grazing, were compared. Burned plots lost 0.6 cm of surface soil when grazed, and 0.4 cm when ungrazed, while unburned plots lost less than 0.05 cm when grazed, and gained 0.07 cm when ungrazed. It was concluded that the present-day combination of livestock and fire management has the potential to convert this rangeland into a rocky desert. It is suggested that commercial livestock production, as it is carried on at present, is not sustainable, and some suggestions on changes necessary for a future sustainable grazing industry are made.
Additional keywords: desertification, land degradation, overgrazing, restoration, soil erosion.
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