Manipulating livestock grazing to enhance native plant diversity and cover in native grasslands
J. A. Mavromihalis A , J. Dorrough A B , S. G. Clark C , V. Turner A and C. Moxham A D
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
A Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, Vic. 3084, Australia.
B Natural Regeneration Australia, PO Box 9103, Wyndham, NSW 2550, Australia.
C Department of Primary Industries, 915 Mount Napier Road, Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia.
D Corresponding author. Email: Claire.Moxham@dse.vic.gov.au
The Rangeland Journal 35(1) 95-108 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ12074
Submitted: 20 September 2012 Accepted: 22 February 2013 Published: 18 March 2013
Abstract
Temperate perennial grasslands globally have been subject to extensive biodiversity loss. Identifying livestock grazing regimes that maintain and enhance the diversity and cover of native plant species in these ecosystems remains a key challenge. The responses of vegetation to different sheep grazing regimes were assessed over 3 years in grasslands of south-eastern Australia. An open communal experimental design was used to assess the effects of varying season and duration of exclusion of grazing by sheep, replicated at three locations. Manipulation of season and duration of exclusion of grazing led to few major changes in the cover of native perennial grasses or forbs, although seasonal variation was considerable. Exclusion of grazing in the spring did increase the likelihood of occurrence of grazing-sensitive native forb species but also lead to an increase in the cover of exotic annual species. However, cover of exotic annual species tended to decline with increasing duration of exclusion, while the abundance of native, grazing-sensitive forbs and the cover of perennial grasses increased. Small-scale richness of native perennial forb species increased with a 3-month period of exclusion of grazing, but declined with year-round exclusion of sheep. Total species richness also declined in response to year-round exclusion of sheep and rates of decline were correlated with the rate at which herbage mass accumulated. While strategic grazing did not result in major vegetation changes in the short term, it is suggested that some grazing exclusion may enhance the survival of infrequent species most sensitive to sheep grazing. Caution, however, should be taken when grazing regimes implemented benefit both desirable (native forbs) and undesirable (exotic annuals) species. Having a mosaic of flexible grazing management regimes across the landscape is likely to be beneficial for native plant diversity.
Additional keywords: biodiversity, conservation management, exotic species, grazing exclusion, native species, pasture, strategic grazing, temperate grassland, Themeda triandra grassland.
References
Ash, A. J., and McIvor, J. G. (1998). How season of grazing and herbivore selectivity influence monsoon tall-grass communities of northern Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 123–132.| How season of grazing and herbivore selectivity influence monsoon tall-grass communities of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Barlow, T., and Ross, J. (2001). Vegetation of the Victorian Volcanic Plain. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 113, 15–19.
Bridle, K., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2001). The impacts of grazing by vertebrate herbivores on the flower stem production of tall alpine herbs, Eastern Central Plateau, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany 49, 459–470.
| The impacts of grazing by vertebrate herbivores on the flower stem production of tall alpine herbs, Eastern Central Plateau, Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Buchan, A. (2006). ‘VVP PlainsTender: Investing in Biodiversity on the Victorian Volcanic Plains.’ (Natural Heritage Trust: Colac.)
Cayley, J. W. D., and Bird, P. R. (1996). ‘Techniques for Measuring Pastures.’ (Pastoral and Veterinary Institute, Agriculture Victoria: Hamilton.)
Chapman, D. F., McCaskill, M. R., Quigley, P. E., Thompson, A. N., Graham, J. F., Borg, D., Lamb, J., Kearney, G., Saul, G. R., and Clark, S. G. (2003). Effects of grazing method and fertilizer inputs on the productivity and sustainability of Phalaris-based pastures in Western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 785–798.
| Effects of grazing method and fertilizer inputs on the productivity and sustainability of Phalaris-based pastures in Western Victoria.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Clarke, P. J. (2003). Composition of grazed and cleared temperate grassy woodlands in eastern Australia: patterns in space and inferences in time. Journal of Vegetation Science 14, 5–14.
| Composition of grazed and cleared temperate grassy woodlands in eastern Australia: patterns in space and inferences in time.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Conley, D. (1984). Patterns of agriculture. In: ‘The Western Plains – A Natural and Social History’. (Eds D. Conley and C. Dennis.) pp. 15–196. (Australian Institute of Agricultural Science: Colac.)
Crosthwaite, J., Malcolm, B., Moll, J., and Dorrough, J. (2008). Future investment in landscape change in southern Australia. Landscape Research 33, 225–239.
| Future investment in landscape change in southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Culvenor, R. A. (2000). Comparison of four Phalaris cultivars under grazing: drought survival and subsequent performance under rotational grazing versus set stocking. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 1047–1058.
| Comparison of four Phalaris cultivars under grazing: drought survival and subsequent performance under rotational grazing versus set stocking.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., and Ash, J. E. (2004). The impact of livestock grazing on the persistence of a perennial forb in a temperate Australian grassland. Pacific Conservation Biology 9, 302–307.
Dorrough, J., Ash, J. E., and McIntyre, S. (2004a). Plant responses to livestock grazing frequency in an Australian temperate grassland. Ecography 27, 798–810.
| Plant responses to livestock grazing frequency in an Australian temperate grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., Yen, A., Turner, V., Clark, S. G., Crosthwaite, J., and Hirth, J. R. (2004b). Livestock grazing management and biodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 279–295.
| Livestock grazing management and biodiversity conservation in Australian temperate grassy landscapes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., Moxham, C., Turner, V., and Sutter, G. (2006). Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland. Biological Conservation 130, 394–405.
| Soil phosphorus and tree cover modify the effects of livestock grazing on plant species richness in Australian grassy woodland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., Ash, J. E., Bruce, S., and McIntyre, S. (2007). From plant neighbourhood to landscape scales: how grazing modifies native and exotic plant species richness in grassland. Plant Ecology 191, 185–198.
| From plant neighbourhood to landscape scales: how grazing modifies native and exotic plant species richness in grassland.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dorrough, J., McIntyre, S., and Scroggie, M. P. (2011). Individual plant species responses to phosphorus and livestock grazing. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 670–681.
| Individual plant species responses to phosphorus and livestock grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dowling, P. M., Kemp, D. R., Michalk, D. L., Klein, T. A., and Millar, G. D. (1996). Perennial grass response to seasonal rests in naturalised pastures of central New South Wales. The Rangeland Journal 18, 309–326.
| Perennial grass response to seasonal rests in naturalised pastures of central New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dowling, P. M., Kemp, D. R., Ball, P. D., Langford, C. M., Michalk, D. L., Millar, G. D., Simpson, P. C., and Thompson, R. P. (2005). Effect of continuous and time controlled grazing on grassland components in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 369–382.
| Effect of continuous and time controlled grazing on grassland components in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dowling, P. M., Michalk, D. L., Kemp, D. R., Millar, G. D., Priest, S. M., King, W., Mc, G., Packer, I. J., Holst, P. J., and Tarleton, J. A. (2006). Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 2. Effect of pasture type and grazing management on pasture productivity and composition. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 457–469.
| Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 2. Effect of pasture type and grazing management on pasture productivity and composition.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Earl, J. M., and Jones, C. E. (1996). The need for a new approach to grazing management – is cell grazing the answer? The Rangeland Journal 18, 327–350.
| The need for a new approach to grazing management – is cell grazing the answer?Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Eddy, D. A. (2005). Monaro grassland conservation management network. Ecological Management & Restoration 6, 73–75.
| Monaro grassland conservation management network.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act (1999). Available at: www.environment.gov.au/epbc/ (accessed July 2012).
Ganjegunte, G. K., Vance, G. F., Preston, C. M., Schuman, G. E., Ingram, L. J., Stahl, P. D., and Welker, J. M. (2005). Soil organic carbon composition in a northern mixed-grass prairie: effects of grazing. Soil Science Society of America 69, 1746–1756.
| Soil organic carbon composition in a northern mixed-grass prairie: effects of grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1WrurjP&md5=b178340e0f5a3567cbc3033b5de08063CAS |
Garden, D. L., Dowling, P. M., Eddy, D. A., and Nicol, H. I. (2000a). A survey of farms on the central, southern and Monaro tablelands of NSW: management practices, farmer knowledge of native grasses, and extent of native grass areas. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 1081–1088.
| A survey of farms on the central, southern and Monaro tablelands of NSW: management practices, farmer knowledge of native grasses, and extent of native grass areas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Garden, D. L., Lodge, G. M., Friend, D. A., Dowling, P. M., and Orchard, B. A. (2000b). Effects of grazing management on botanical composition of native grass-based pastures in temperate south-east Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 225–245.
| Effects of grazing management on botanical composition of native grass-based pastures in temperate south-east Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Genstat 8 Committee (2005). ‘Genstat 8.1 Reference Manual.’ (VSN International: Oxford.)
Gilfedder, L., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1994). Culturally induced rarity? The past and present distributions of Leucochrysum albicans in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 405–416.
| Culturally induced rarity? The past and present distributions of Leucochrysum albicans in Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hamilton, S. D. (2001). Impacts of agricultural land use on the floristics, diversity and lifeform composition of a temperate grassy woodland. Pacific Conservation Biology 7, 169–184.
Harpole, W. S., and Tilman, D. (2007). Grassland species loss resulting from reduced niche dimension. Nature 446, 791–793.
| Grassland species loss resulting from reduced niche dimension.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktVeqt7o%3D&md5=74b8ef2c6a1c993f7da91b3a6f82355dCAS |
Hart, R. H. (2001). Plant biodiversity on shortgrass steppe after 55 years of zero, light, moderate, or heavy cattle grazing. Plant Ecology 155, 111–118.
| Plant biodiversity on shortgrass steppe after 55 years of zero, light, moderate, or heavy cattle grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hayes, G. F., and Holl, K. D. (2003). Site-specific responses of native and exotic species to disturbances in a mesic grassland community. Applied Vegetation Science 6, 235–244.
Henwood, W. D. (2010). Toward a strategy for the conservation and protection of the world’s temperate grasslands. Great Plains Research 20, 121–133.
Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H., and Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology Letters 8, 23–29.
| Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Hofmann, M., and Isselstein, J. (2004). Seedling recruitment on agriculturally improved mesic grassland: the influence of disturbance and management schemes. Applied Vegetation Science 7, 193–200.
| Seedling recruitment on agriculturally improved mesic grassland: the influence of disturbance and management schemes.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Jones, C. E. (1996). Pastoral value and production from native pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 449–456.
| Pastoral value and production from native pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kahn, L. P., Earl, J. M., and Nicholls, M. (2010). Herbage mass thresholds rather than plant phenology are a more useful cue for grazing management decisions in the mid-north region of South Australia. The Rangeland Journal 32, 379–388.
| Herbage mass thresholds rather than plant phenology are a more useful cue for grazing management decisions in the mid-north region of South Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kemp, D. R., and Dowling, P. M. (2000). Towards sustainable perennial pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 125–132.
| Towards sustainable perennial pastures.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kemp, D. R., Dowling, P. M., and Michalk, D. L. (1996). Managing the composition of native and naturalised pastures with grazing. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 569–578.
| Managing the composition of native and naturalised pastures with grazing.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kemp, D. R., Michalk, D. L., and Virgona, J. M. (2000). Towards sustainable perennial pastures: lessons learnt. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 343–356.
| Towards sustainable perennial pastures: lessons learnt.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kemp, D. R., King, W. McG., Gilmour, A. R., Lodge, G. M., Murphy, S. R., Quigley, P. E., Sanford, P., and Andrew, M. H. (2003). SGS Biodiversity Theme: impact of plant biodiversity and stability of grazing systems across southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 961–975.
| SGS Biodiversity Theme: impact of plant biodiversity and stability of grazing systems across southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Kirkpatrick, J. B., and Bridle, K. L. (2007). ‘People, Sheep and Nature Conservation: The Tasmanian Experience.’ (CSIRO: Canberra)
Kirkpatrick, J., McDougall, K., and Hyde, M. (1995). ‘Australia’s Most Threatened Ecosystem: The South-eastern Lowland Native Grasslands.’ (Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton, Sydney.)
Kirkpatrick, J. B., Gilfedder, L., Bridle, K., and Zacharek, A. (2005). The positive and negative conservation impacts of sheep grazing and other disturbances on the vascular plant species and vegetation of lowland sub-humid Tasmania. Ecological Management & Restoration 6, 51–60.
| The positive and negative conservation impacts of sheep grazing and other disturbances on the vascular plant species and vegetation of lowland sub-humid Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lane, D. R., Coffin, D. P., and Lauenroth, W. K. (1998). Effects of soil texture and precipitation on above-ground net primary productivity and vegetation structure across the Central Grassland region of the United States. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 239–250.
| Effects of soil texture and precipitation on above-ground net primary productivity and vegetation structure across the Central Grassland region of the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
LeBauer, D. S., and Treseder, K. K. (2008). Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology 89, 371–379.
| Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Leonard, S. W. J., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2004). Effects of grazing management and environmental factors on native grassland and grassy woodland, Northern Midlands, Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany 52, 529–542.
| Effects of grazing management and environmental factors on native grassland and grassy woodland, Northern Midlands, Tasmania.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lodge, G. M., and Whalley, R. D. B. (1985). The manipulation of species composition of natural pastures by grazing management on the Northern Slopes of NSW. Australian Rangeland Journal 7, 6–16.
| The manipulation of species composition of natural pastures by grazing management on the Northern Slopes of NSW.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lodge, G. M., Scott, J. M., King, K. L., and Hutchinson, K. J. (1988). A review of sustainable pasture production issues in temperate native and improved pastures. Animal Production in Australia 22, 79–89.
Lunt, I. D., and Morgan, J. W. (1999). Vegetation changes after 10 years of grazing exclusion and intermittent burning in a Themeda triandra (Poaceae) grassland reserve in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 47, 537–552.
| Vegetation changes after 10 years of grazing exclusion and intermittent burning in a Themeda triandra (Poaceae) grassland reserve in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Lunt, I. D., Eldridge, D. J., Morgan, J. W., and Witt, G. B. (2007). Turner Review No. 13. A framework to predict the effects of livestock grazing and grazing exclusion on conservation values in natural ecosystems in Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 401–415.
| Turner Review No. 13. A framework to predict the effects of livestock grazing and grazing exclusion on conservation values in natural ecosystems in Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Maher, J. M., and Martin, J. J. (1987). ‘Soils and Landforms of South-western Victoria. Part 1. Inventory of Soils and their Associated Landscapes.’ Research Report Series No. 40. (Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs: Melbourne.)
McIntyre, S., and Lavorel, S. (1994a). Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape. Conservation Biology 8, 521–531.
| Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McIntyre, S., and Lavorel, S. (1994b). How environmental and disturbance factors influence species composition in temperate Australian grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 373–384.
| How environmental and disturbance factors influence species composition in temperate Australian grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Milchunas, D. G., Sala, O. E., and Lauenroth, W. K. (1988). A generalized model of effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. American Naturalist 132, 87–106.
| A generalized model of effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan, J. W. (1997). The effect of grassland gap size on establishment, growth and flowering of the endangered Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Asteraceae). Journal of Applied Ecology 34, 566–576.
| The effect of grassland gap size on establishment, growth and flowering of the endangered Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Asteraceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan, J. W. (1998a). Patterns of invasion of an urban remnant of a species-rich grassland in south-eastern Australia by non-native plant species. Journal of Vegetation Science 9, 181–190.
| Patterns of invasion of an urban remnant of a species-rich grassland in south-eastern Australia by non-native plant species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan, J. W. (1998b). Importance of canopy gaps for recruitment of some forbs in Themeda triandra dominated grasslands in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 46, 609–627.
| Importance of canopy gaps for recruitment of some forbs in Themeda triandra dominated grasslands in south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Morgan, J. W. (1999). Defining grassland fire events and the response of perennial plants to annual fire in temperate grasslands of south-eastern Australia. Plant Ecology 144, 127–144.
| Defining grassland fire events and the response of perennial plants to annual fire in temperate grasslands of south-eastern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Nie, Z., and Zollinger, R. (2012). Impact of deferred grazing and fertilizer on plant population density, ground cover and soil moisture of native pastures in steep hill country of southern Australia. Grass and Forage Science 67, 231–242.
| Impact of deferred grazing and fertilizer on plant population density, ground cover and soil moisture of native pastures in steep hill country of southern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Noy-Meir, I., Gutman, M., and Kaplan, Y. (1989). Responses of Mediterranean plants to grazing and protection. Journal of Ecology 77, 290–310.
| Responses of Mediterranean plants to grazing and protection.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Olff, H., and Ritchie, M. E. (1998). Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 261–265.
| Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7itF2iug%3D%3D&md5=ff7c230306352c0e3a1d5bd733ee5314CAS |
Proulx, M., and Mazumder, A. (1998). Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems. Ecology 79, 2581–2592.
| Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Pykälä, J. (2003). Effects of restoration with cattle grazing on plant species composition and richness of semi-natural grasslands. Biodiversity and Conservation 12, 2211–2226.
| Effects of restoration with cattle grazing on plant species composition and richness of semi-natural grasslands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Reeve, I. J., Kaine, G., Lees, J. W., and Barkly, E. (2000). Producer perceptions of pasture decline and grazing management. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 331–341.
| Producer perceptions of pasture decline and grazing management.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sala, O. E., Chapin, F. S., Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D. M., Mooney, H. A., Oesterheld, M., LeRoy Poff, N., Sykes, M. T., Walker, B. H., Walker, M., and Wall, D. H. (2000). Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774.
| Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhvVWltLk%3D&md5=e74c163b02281c00844beaaa4cf039faCAS |
Schultz, N. L. (2012). Contribution of Native Pastures and Grassy Woodlands to Regional Plant Diversity on the North-West Slopes of New South Wales. PhD Thesis, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Schultz, N. L., Morgan, J. W., and Lunt, I. D. (2011). Effects of grazing exclusion on plant species richness and phytomass accumulation vary across a regional productivity gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science 22, 130–142.
| Effects of grazing exclusion on plant species richness and phytomass accumulation vary across a regional productivity gradient.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Sternberg, M., Gutman, M., Perevolotsky, A., Ungar, E. D., and Kigel, J. (2000). Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community: a functional group approach. Journal of Applied Ecology 37, 224–237.
| Vegetation response to grazing management in a Mediterranean herbaceous community: a functional group approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stewart, K. E. J., Bourne, N. A. D., and Thomas, J. A. (2001). An evaluation of three quick methods commonly used to assess sward height in ecology. Journal of Applied Ecology 38, 1148–1154.
| An evaluation of three quick methods commonly used to assess sward height in ecology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stoneham, G., Chaudhri, V., Ha, A., and Strappazzon, L. (2003). Auctions for conservation contracts: an empirical examination of Victoria’s BushTender trial. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 47, 477–500.
| Auctions for conservation contracts: an empirical examination of Victoria’s BushTender trial.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Stuwe, J., and Parsons, R. F. (1977). Themeda australis grasslands on the Basalt Plains Victoria: floristics and management effects. Australian Journal of Ecology 2, 467–476.
| Themeda australis grasslands on the Basalt Plains Victoria: floristics and management effects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Trémont, R. M. (1994). Life-history attributes of plants in grazed and ungrazed grasslands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 511–530.
| Life-history attributes of plants in grazed and ungrazed grasslands on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Walsh, N. G., and Entwisle, T. J. (1996). ‘Flora of Victoria. Volumes 2–4.’ (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
Webb, W. L., Lauenroth, W. K., Szarek, S. R., and Kinerson, R. S. (1983). Primary production and abiotic controls in forests, grasslands, and desert ecosystems in the United States. Ecology 64, 134–151.
| Primary production and abiotic controls in forests, grasslands, and desert ecosystems in the United States.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Williams, O. B. (1969). Studies in the ecology of the Riverine Plain V. Plant density response of species in a Danthonia caespitosa grassland to 16 years of grazing by Merino sheep. Australian Journal of Botany 17, 255–268.
| Studies in the ecology of the Riverine Plain V. Plant density response of species in a Danthonia caespitosa grassland to 16 years of grazing by Merino sheep.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Willis, J. H. (1964). Vegetation of the basalt plains in western Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 77, 397–418.
Wong, N. K., and Morgan, J. W. (2012). Experimental changes in disturbance type do not induce short-term shifts in plant community structure in three semi-arid grasslands of the Victorian Riverine Plain managed for nature conservation. Ecological Management & Restoration 13, 175–182.
| Experimental changes in disturbance type do not induce short-term shifts in plant community structure in three semi-arid grasslands of the Victorian Riverine Plain managed for nature conservation.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yates, C. J., and Hobbs, R. (1997). Temperate Eucalypt Woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 949–973.
| Temperate Eucalypt Woodlands: a review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Yates, C. J., Norton, D. A., and Hobbs, R. J. (2000). Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia; implications for restoration. Austral Ecology 25, 36–47.
| Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia; implications for restoration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Young, J., Watt, A., Nowicki, P., Alard, D., Clitherow, J., Henle, K., Johnson, R., Laczko, E., McCracken, D., Matouch, S., Niemela, J., and Richards, C. (2005). Towards sustainable land use: identifying and managing the conflicts between human activities and biodiversity conservation in Europe. Biodiversity and Conservation 14, 1641–1661.
| Towards sustainable land use: identifying and managing the conflicts between human activities and biodiversity conservation in Europe.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Zimmer, H. C., Turner, V. B., Mavromihalis, J., Dorrough, J., and Moxham, C. (2010). Forb responses to grazing and rest management in a critically endangered Australian native grassland ecosystem. The Rangeland Journal 32, 187–195.
| Forb responses to grazing and rest management in a critically endangered Australian native grassland ecosystem.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
