Horticultural development of bush food plants and rights of Indigenous people as traditional custodians – the Australian Bush Tomato (Solanum centrale) example: a review
L. Slade Lee
+ Author Affiliations
- Author Affiliations
Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia. Email: slade.lee@scu.edu.au
The Rangeland Journal 34(4) 359-373 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ12056
Submitted: 9 August 2012 Accepted: 30 September 2012 Published: 17 December 2012
Abstract
New crops are regularly being introduced into cultivation, typically accompanied by a very small agricultural knowledge base. Often, there is a lack of agronomic research information or production experience upon which to rely, nor plant varieties optimised for an agricultural system. The challenges of a new industry may be compounded by a lack of consumer awareness of the new product and value-chain models need to be developed to suit the product. Frequently the plant species being developed into a new crop is one traditionally used as a food source or for medicinal or other applications by Indigenous people. Thus a complex series of additional factors comes into play – consent of the original custodians, respect and acknowledgement of their traditional knowledge that may be exploited, and totemic, kinship and spiritual associations that may be impacted. Establishing benefit sharing for the hereditary stewards, and protection of traditional collective intellectual property is an important ethical consideration. In the 21st century, the previous unjust exploitation of the traditional knowledge of the original custodians without acknowledgement or benefit sharing, is no longer accepted. However, prevailing strategies to safeguard intellectual property and traditional knowledge associated with native plants, for instance, to ensure that benefit is captured for Indigenous hereditary custodians may be lacking or may contravene Indigenous customary law. Where scientific, cultural, ethical, legal and commercial issues interact at the emergence of a new crop industry, stakeholders from various perspectives will bring critical, sometimes conflicting, impediments to resolve. The challenges that arise in the commercial exploitation of the Australian Bush Tomato, Solanum centrale, and its horticultural development, are reviewed and the approaches to their resolution are discussed.
Additional keywords: horticulture, intellectual property, traditional knowledge.
References
Ahmed, A., and Johnson, K. (2000). Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants. Australian Journal of Botany 48, 417–426.| Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ahmed, A., Johnson, K., Burchett, M., and Kenny, B. (2006). The effects of heat, smoke, leaching, scarification, temperature and NaCl salinity on the germination of Solanum centrale (the Australian bush tomato). Seed Science and Technology 34, 33–45.
AIATSIS (2011). ‘Guidelines for Ethical Research in Australian Indigenous Studies.’ (Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies: Canberra.)
Albrecht, D., Duguid, A., Coulson, H., Harris, M., and Latz, P. (2007). ‘Vascular Plant Checklist for the Southern Bioregions of the Northern Territory: Nomenclature, Distribution and Conservation Status.’ 2nd edn. (Dept. of Natural Resources, Northern Territory Govt.: Alice Springs.)
Alexandra, J., and Stanley, J. (2007). ‘Aboriginal Communities and Mixed Agricultural Businesses – Opportunities and Future Needs.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Alyawarr speakers from Ampilatwatja, Walsh, F., and Douglas, J. (2009). ‘Angka Akatyerr-akert: A Desert Raisin Report.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Antons, C. (2010). The role of traditional knowledge and access to genetic resources in biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19, 1189–1204.
| The role of traditional knowledge and access to genetic resources in biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Aplin, T., and Cannon, J. (1971). Distribution of alkaloids in some Western Australian plants. Economic Botany 25, 366–380.
| Distribution of alkaloids in some Western Australian plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE38Xhtlyiur0%3D&md5=5f1a121d58f76878a283bcbeee12dce8CAS |
Bammer, G. (2007). ‘Research Integration in the Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Barker, B., Barker, R., Jessop, J., and Vonow, H. (2005). Census of South Australian vascular plants – Edn 5. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens Suppl 1, 1–397.
Bean, A. R. (2004). The taxonomy and ecology of Solanum subg. Leptostemonum (Dunal) Bitter (Solanaceae) in Queensland and far north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Austrobaileya 6, 639–816.
Black, J. (1965). ‘Flora of South Australia.’ (South Australian Branch of the British Science Guild Handbooks Committee: Adelaide.)
Bonney, N. (2006). ‘Adnyamathanha and Beyond – Useful Plants of an Ancient Land.’ (Australian Plants Society: Unley)
Booker, A., Johnston, D., and Heinrich, M. (2012). Value chains of herbal medicines – Research needs and key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 140, 624–633.
| Value chains of herbal medicines – Research needs and key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Boschin, G., Annicchiarico, P., Resta, D., D’Agostina, A., and Arnoldi, A. (2008). Quinolizidine alkaloids in seeds of lupin genotypes of different origins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 3657–3663.
| Quinolizidine alkaloids in seeds of lupin genotypes of different origins.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXkvF2lsLo%3D&md5=9ff280a2c784f2098be882ce13a05072CAS |
Bradley, V., Collins, D., Crabbe, P., Eastwood, F., Irvine, M., Swan, J., and Symon, D. (1978). A survey of Australian Solanum plants for potentially useful sources of solasodine. Australian Journal of Botany 26, 723–754.
| A survey of Australian Solanum plants for potentially useful sources of solasodine.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXhvVeit7c%3D&md5=099f2f9fe215fbca1b9c1ef9d43dfe32CAS |
Brand, J., Rae, C., McDonnell, J., Lee, A., Cherikoff, V., and Truswell, A. (1983). The nutritional composition of Australian aboriginal bushfoods. I. Food Technology in Australia 35, 293–298.
| 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXksFait7w%3D&md5=6a79f347e48d279a0af810936c1b94d9CAS |
Brand-Miller, J., James, K., and Maggiore, P. (1993). ‘Tables of Composition of Australian Aboriginal Foods.’ (Aboriginal Studies Press: Canberra.)
Bryceson, K. (2008). ‘Value Chain Analysis of Bush Tomato and Wattle Seed Products.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Cheng, D., Kirk, H., Mulder, P., Vrieling, K., and Klinkhamer, P. (2011). Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in shoots and roots of segregating hybrids between Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica. New Phytologist 192, 1010–1023.
| Pyrrolizidine alkaloid variation in shoots and roots of segregating hybrids between Jacobaea vulgaris and Jacobaea aquatica.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xkslansg%3D%3D&md5=5ab686f1d2e8e23aa290966eefd5f963CAS |
Cherikoff, V. (2000). ‘Marketing the Australian Native Food Industry.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Clarke, P. (2011). ‘Aboriginal People and Their Plants.’ 2nd edn. (Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd: Kenthurst.)
Clarke, M. (2012). ‘Australian Native Food Industry Stocktake.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Cleary, J. (2009). ‘Perspectives on Developing New Cooperative Arrangements for Bush-harvested Bush Tomatoes from Desert Australia.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Collins, C. (2002). A study into the domestication of Solanum centrale, Australian bush tomato. PhD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, SA, Australia.
Collins, D., Culvenor, C., Lamberton, J., Loder, J., and Price, J. (1990). ‘Plants for Medicines – A Chemical and Pharmacological Survey of Plants in the Australian Region.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)
Commander, L. E., Merritt, D. J., Rokich, D. P., Flematti, G. R., and Dixon, K. W. (2008). Seed germination of Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) for use in rehabilitation and commercial industries. Australian Journal of Botany 56, 333–341.
| Seed germination of Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) for use in rehabilitation and commercial industries.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cunningham, A., Garnett, S., and Gorman, J. (2009a). Policy lessons from practice: Australian bush products for commercial markets. GeoJournal 74, 429–440.
| Policy lessons from practice: Australian bush products for commercial markets.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Cunningham, A., Garnett, S., Gorman, J., Courtenay, K., and Boehme, D. (2009b). Eco-Enterprises and Terminalia ferdinandiana: ‘Best Laid Plans’ and Australian policy lessons. Economic Botany 63, 16–28.
| Eco-Enterprises and Terminalia ferdinandiana: ‘Best Laid Plans’ and Australian policy lessons.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Davis, M. (2005). ‘Undertaking Projects and Research in Central Australia – CLC Protocols and the Development of Protocols for Projects and Research in the CLC Region.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Davis, M. (2009). ‘Handbook for Working with Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Intellectual Property.’ (Natural Resource Management Board, Northern Territory: Darwin.)
De Sousa Majer, M., Singh, Z., De Lima, F., and Ryder, M. (2009). ‘Sustainable Bush Produce Systems – Post-harvest Storage of Solanum centrale and Impact on Produce Quality.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Dennett, A. (2006). Underground structures and mycorrhizal associations of Solanum centrale (the Australian bush tomato). Honours Thesis, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Dennett, A., Burgess, L., McGee, P., and Ryder, M. (2011). Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Solanum centrale (Bush Tomato), a perennial sub-shrub from the arid zone of Australia. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 688–694.
| Arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Solanum centrale (Bush Tomato), a perennial sub-shrub from the arid zone of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dessart, B. (2008). ‘Mechanical Harvesting of Bush Tomato/Desert Raisin, Solanum centrale.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Dixon, K., Roche, S., and Pate, J. (1995). The promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants. Oecologia 101, 185–192.
| The promotive effect of smoke derived from burnt native vegetation on seed germination of Western Australian plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Dowling, R., and McKenzie, R. (1993). ‘Poisonous Plants – A Field Guide.’ (Queensland Government, Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane.)
Drahos, P. (2004). ‘Towards an International Framework for the Protection of Traditional Group Knowledge and Practice.’ (UNCTAD-Commonwealth Secretariat Workshop on Elements of National Sui Generis Systems for the Preservation, Protection and Promotion of Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices and Options for an International Framework: Geneva.)
Drahos, P. (2011). When cosmology meets property: Indigenous people’s innovation and intellectual property. Prometheus 29, 233–252.
| When cosmology meets property: Indigenous people’s innovation and intellectual property.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Ellis, G., Oliver, G., Vincent, A., and Raghu, S. (2010). ‘The Effect of Irrigation and Weed Competition on Yield of a Commercial Scale Solanum centrale (Bush Tomato) Production System: a Preliminary Investigation.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Eltayeb, E., and Roddick, J. (1984a). Changes in the alkaloid content of developing fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 1. Analyses of cultivars and mutants with different ripening characteristics. Journal of Experimental Botany 35, 252–260.
| Changes in the alkaloid content of developing fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 1. Analyses of cultivars and mutants with different ripening characteristics.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhsFeqs74%3D&md5=49599e8ca04ae7fb14dff58dd35e3037CAS |
Eltayeb, E., and Roddick, J. (1984b). Changes in the alkaloid content of developing fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 2. Effects of artificial acceleration and retardation of ripening. Journal of Experimental Botany 35, 261–267.
| Changes in the alkaloid content of developing fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 2. Effects of artificial acceleration and retardation of ripening.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhsFeqs78%3D&md5=233fc265b81cfe3503e411b3701f9027CAS |
Evans, L. (2007). Opportunities, impediments and capacity building for enterprise development by Australian Aboriginal communities. Journal of Aboriginal Economic Development 5, 44–55.
Evans, L., Scott, H., Muir, K., and Briscoe, J. (2009). Effective intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge of plants and their uses: an example from Australia. GeoJournal 74, 391–401.
| Effective intellectual property protection of traditional knowledge of plants and their uses: an example from Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Evans, L., Cheers, B., Fernando, D., Gibbs, J., Miller, P., Muir, K., Ridley, P., Scott, H., Singleton, G., Sparrow, S., and Briscoe, J. (2010). ‘Plants for People: Case Study Report.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Everist, S. (1981). ‘Poisonous Plants of Australia.’ (Angus & Robertson: Sydney.)
Faeth, S., Bush, L., and Sullivan, T. (2002). Peramine alkaloid variation in Neotyphodium-infected Arizona fescue: effects of endophyte and host genotype and environment. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 1511–1526.
| Peramine alkaloid variation in Neotyphodium-infected Arizona fescue: effects of endophyte and host genotype and environment.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xms1elsrc%3D&md5=6bc04c0141632e5704f4c5c87287498dCAS |
Faragher, J., Parsons, M., and Premier, R. (2008). ‘Food Safety Standards and Labelling for Native Plant Foods.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Forbes-Smith, M., and Paton, J. (2002). ‘Innovative Products from Australian Native Foods.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Foster, M., Jahan, N., and Smith, P. (2005). ‘Emerging Animal and Plant Industries – Their Value to Australia.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
FSANZ (2011). ‘Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code – Standard 1.4.4 – Prohibited and Restricted Plants and Fungi. Food Standards Australia and New Zealand, Standard 1.4.4.’ (Commonwealth of Australia ComLaw: Canberra.)
Gardner, D., and Pfister, J. (2000). Late season toxic alkaloid concentrations in tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.). Journal of Range Management 53, 329–334.
| Late season toxic alkaloid concentrations in tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gorman, J., Griffiths, A., and Whitehead, P. (2006). An analysis of the use of plant products for commerce in remote aboriginal communities of northern Australia. Economic Botany 60, 362–373.
| An analysis of the use of plant products for commerce in remote aboriginal communities of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Gorst, J. (2002). Indigenous fruits of Australia. Acta Horticulturae 575, 555–561.
Hagman, J., Marten, G., and Hovin, A. (1975). Alkaloid concentration in plant parts of Reed Canarygrass of varying maturity. Crop Science 15, 41–43.
| Alkaloid concentration in plant parts of Reed Canarygrass of varying maturity.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXhtlGktbo%3D&md5=07a5cb4e7a7beaf2c03b2e836f857fc0CAS |
Hegarty, M., Hegarty, E., and Wills, R. (2001). ‘Food Safety of Australian Plant Bushfoods.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Hol, W. (2011). The effect of nutrients on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio plants and their interactions with herbivores and pathogens. Phytochemistry Reviews 10, 119–126.
| The effect of nutrients on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio plants and their interactions with herbivores and pathogens.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXis1yitbY%3D&md5=769e435d2ef63398e9233bedf37974c3CAS |
Holcombe, S. (2009). ‘Guidelines for Indigenous Ecological Knowledge Management (including archiving and repatriation).’ (Natural Resources Management Board Northern Territory: Darwin.)
Holcombe, S., Yates, P., and Walsh, F. (2011). Reinforcing alternative economies: self-motivated work by central Anmatyerr people to sell Katyerr (Desert Raisin, Bush Tomato) in central Australia. The Rangeland Journal 33, 255–265.
| Reinforcing alternative economies: self-motivated work by central Anmatyerr people to sell Katyerr (Desert Raisin, Bush Tomato) in central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
ILO (1989). ‘Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries.’ (International Labour Organization: Geneva.)
Janke, T. (1998). ‘Our Culture: Our Future – Report on Australian Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights.’ (Prepared for Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, and the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission: Canberra.)
Janke, T. (2009). ‘Indigenous Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resources in the Northern Territory: Report on the Current Status of Indigenous Intellectual Property.’ (Commissioned by the Natural Resources Management Board Northern Territory: Canberra and Sydney.)
Janke, T., and Quiggin, R. (2002). ‘Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Property and Customary Law.’ (The Law Reform Commission of Western Australia: Perth.)
Jessop, J. (1981). ‘Flora of Central Australia.’ (A.H. & A.W. Reed: Sydney.)
Johnson, K., and Ahmed, A. (2005). ‘Developing Propagation Techniques for Bush Tomato.’ (Australian Flora Foundation: Sydney.)
Johnson, K., Ahmed, A., and Armstrong, G. (2003). Investigations into in vitro manipulation of Solanum centrale (Bush Tomato). Acta Horticulturae 616, 169–175.
| 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXht1Ghsrg%3D&md5=6163ffbdebe102e0244a61151c2b26acCAS |
Jones, M., and James, C. (2006). ‘Review of Desert Enterprises Reliant on Natural and Cultural Resources.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Konczak, I., Zabaras, D., Dunstan, M., Aguas, P., Roulfe, P., and Pavan, A. (2009). ‘Health Benefits of Australian Native Foods – An Evaluation of Health-enhancing Compounds.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Konczak, I., Zabaras, D., Dunstan, M., and Aguas, P. (2010). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in commercially grown native Australian herbs and spices. Food Chemistry 122, 260–266.
| Antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds in commercially grown native Australian herbs and spices.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksV2ksro%3D&md5=0ae79916751d9d63fd1c159c50234867CAS |
Latz, P. (1995). ‘Bushfires & Bushtucker – Aboriginal Plant Use in Central Australia.’ (IAD Press: Alice Springs.)
Latz, P. (1999). ‘Pocket Bushtucker.’ (IAD Press: Alice Springs.)
Liu, W., Yong, G., Fang, L., Wang, S., Bai, H., Jiang, J., and Liu, S. (2008). Free and conjugated phytosterols in cured tobacco leaves: Influence of genotype, growing region, and stalk position. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 185–189.
| Free and conjugated phytosterols in cured tobacco leaves: Influence of genotype, growing region, and stalk position.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlKlurrJ&md5=8b76fedfffd0576ce34044c2f2b98cabCAS |
Lovkova, M. Y., Buzuk, G. N., and Sokolova, S. M. (2004). Theoretical bases of optimization of the modes of postharvest treatment of alkaloid-synthesizing medicinal plants. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 40, 592–598.
| Theoretical bases of optimization of the modes of postharvest treatment of alkaloid-synthesizing medicinal plants.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptlSksbo%3D&md5=b08fb217b28194efb5a1197916bf42d9CAS |
Martin, P., and Jeffery, M. (2007). Using a legally enforceable knowledge trust doctrine to fulfil the moral obligation to protect indigenous secrets. New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law 11, 1–31.
Martins, R. (2011). Fair trade practices in the Northwest Brazilian Amazon. Brazilian Administration Review 8, 412–432.
| Fair trade practices in the Northwest Brazilian Amazon.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
McDonald, J., Caffin, N., Sommano, S., and Cocksedge, R. (2006). ‘The Effect of Post harvest Handling on Selected Native Food Plants.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Merne Altyerre-ipenhe Reference Group, Douglas, J., and Walsh, F. (2011). ‘Aboriginal People, Bush Foods Knowledge and Products from Central Australia: Ethical Guidelines for Commercial Bush Food Research, Industry and Enterprises.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Miers, G. (2003). ‘Cultivation and Sustainable Wild Harvest of Bushfoods by Aboriginal Communities in Central Australia.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Morris, S., and Petermann, J. (1985). Genetic and environmental effects on levels of glycoalkaloids in cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Food Chemistry 18, 271–282.
| Genetic and environmental effects on levels of glycoalkaloids in cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaL28XjtFOrsA%3D%3D&md5=d0a40d0d2824cfeab21a7f3a99bd009eCAS |
Morse, J. (2005). ‘Bush Resources: Opportunities for Aboriginal Enterprise in Central Australia.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Morse, J. (2010). ‘Know your rights to your Aboriginal plant knowledge: A Guide for Aboriginal Knowledge Holders on Recording and Commercialising Aboriginal Plant Knowledge.’ (Terri Janke and Company Pty Ltd: Sydney.)
Nagy, L. (1999). ‘Improving Access to Bushfood Production and Marketing Information.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Nel, E., Binns, T., and Bek, D. (2007). ‘Alternative foods’ and community-based development: Rooibos tea production in South Africa’s West Coast Mountains. Applied Geography 27, 112–129.
| ‘Alternative foods’ and community-based development: Rooibos tea production in South Africa’s West Coast Mountains.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
O’Connell, J., Latz, P., and Barnett, P. (1983). Traditional and modern plant use among the Alyawara of central Australia. Economic Botany 37, 80–109.
| Traditional and modern plant use among the Alyawara of central Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Oberthür, C., and Hamburger, M. (2004). Tryptanthrin content in Isatis tinctoria leaves – a comparative study of selected strains and post-harvest treatments. Planta Medica 70, 642–645.
| Tryptanthrin content in Isatis tinctoria leaves – a comparative study of selected strains and post-harvest treatments.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Orr, M., Kenny, P., Gorey, I., Mir, A., Cox, E., and Wilson, J. (2009). ‘Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre Aboriginal Knowledge and Intellectual Property Protocol: Community Guide.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Peterson, N. (1979). Aboriginal uses of Australian Solanaceae. Linnean Society Symposium Series 7, 171–189.
Phelps, D. (1997). ‘Feasibility of a Sustainable Bush Food Industry in Western Queensland.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Purdie, R., Symon, D., and Haegi, L. (1982). Solanaceae. In: ‘Flora of Australia. Vol. 29’. (Ed. A. S. George.) pp. 1–2. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
Randell, B., and Symon, D. (1976). Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species. Australian Journal of Botany 24, 369–379.
| Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rea, K., and Young, M. (2006). ‘The Collaboration Project: Strategies Towards Engagement with Desert Aboriginal Communities and Organisations.’ (Desert Knowledge Research and Development Corporation: Alice Springs.)
Rick, C. M., Uhlig, J. W., and Jones, A. D. (1994). High alpha-tomatine content in ripe fruit of Andean Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme – Developmental and genetic aspects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 12 877–12 881.
| High alpha-tomatine content in ripe fruit of Andean Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme – Developmental and genetic aspects.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXivVCqs7o%3D&md5=c2be4fa2013407b466d3271bf59428b4CAS |
Robins, L. (2007). ‘Outback Spirit Bush Foods – A Learning Model in Marketing and Supply Chain Management.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Robins, J., and Ryder, M. (2008). ‘Native Foods.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Roche, S., Dixon, K., and Pate, J. (1997). Seed ageing and smoke: partner cues in the amelioration of seed dormancy in selected Australian native species. Australian Journal of Botany 45, 783–815.
| Seed ageing and smoke: partner cues in the amelioration of seed dormancy in selected Australian native species.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Rola-Rubzen, M., Altangerel, D. and Gabunada, F. (2009). ‘Profile of Businesses in Desert Australia.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Ryder, M., and Latham, Y. (2005). ‘Cultivation of Native Food Plants in Southeastern Australia.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Ryder, M., Latham, Y., and Hawke, B. (2008). ‘Cultivation and Harvest Quality of Native Food Crops.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Ryder, M., Walsh, F., Douglas, J., Waycott, M., Robson, H., Singh, Z., de Sousa Majer, M., Collins, T., White, J., and Cheers, B. (2009). ‘Sustainable Bush Produce Systems – Progress Report 2004–2006.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Salas, M., and Corcuera, L. (1991). Effect of environment on gramine content in barley leaves and susceptibility to the aphid Schizaphis graminum. Phytochemistry 30, 3237–3240.
| Effect of environment on gramine content in barley leaves and susceptibility to the aphid Schizaphis graminum.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XjsFOr&md5=b4bc5aaf2bb4b8260c20093e4563030fCAS |
Sinden, S., Deahl, K., and Aulenbach, B. (1976). Effect of glycoalkaloids and phenolics on potato flavor. Journal of Food Science 41, 520–523.
| Effect of glycoalkaloids and phenolics on potato flavor.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XhslyntLg%3D&md5=5220b3a3082b970a30c65206e3aa60e5CAS |
Smallacombe, S., Davis, M., and Quiggin, R. (2007). ‘Scoping Project on Aboriginal Traditional Knowledge.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Smith, S., Giesbrecht, E., Thompson, M., Nelson, L. S., and Hoffman, R. S. (2008). Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry. Toxicon 52, 667–676.
| Solanaceous steroidal glycoalkaloids and poisoning by Solanum torvum, the normally edible susumber berry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1GrsbzM&md5=89d228ec7837665cc0fe7361a281c319CAS |
Spencer, M., and Hardie, J. (2011). ‘Indigenous Fair Trade in Australia – Scoping Study.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Spicer, P., and Dionne, L. (1961). Use of gibberellin to hasten germination of Solanum seed. Nature 189, 327–328.
| Use of gibberellin to hasten germination of Solanum seed.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DyaF3MXovFChtQ%3D%3D&md5=45f9562b5620c4f36ef8ab166ea152c5CAS |
Stynes, B. (1997). Opportunities for contributing to the development of Aboriginal food plants. Tropical Grasslands 31, 311–314.
Symon, D. (1979). Fruit diversity and dispersal in Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 1, 321–331.
Symon, D. (1981). A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4, 1–367.
Tansey, G. (2004). ‘Food, Power, Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge: A Food System Overview.’ (UNCTAD-Commonwealth Secretariat: New York and Geneva.)
Torres, P. (2006). Nila.Ngany – Possessing/Belonging to Knowledge: Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Yawuru Aboriginal Australia. In: ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Wisdom and Power – Affirming Our Knowledge Through Narratives’. (Eds J. Kunnie and N. Godukas.) pp. 19–30. (Ashgate Publishing Ltd: Hampshire, UK.)
Torres, P. (2010). ‘Can bush tucker provide meaningful lives and a path for Aboriginal people into the modern economy?’ In: ‘Barrgana Lecture’. (Ed. B. Collins.) (Australian Broadcasting Corporation: Broome.) Available at: www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2010/07/26/2964154.htm?site=kimberley (accessed 24 September 2012)
Twarog, S., and Kapoor, P. (2004). ‘Protecting and promoting traditional knowledge: systems, national experiences and international dimensions.’ (UNCTAD-Commonwealth Secretariat: New York and Geneva.)
UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights (2002). ‘Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy.’ (Commission on Intellectual Property Rights: London.)
UN-CBD (1992). ‘Convention on Biological Diversity.’ (United Nations Environment Programme: Rio de Janeiro.)
UN-CBD (2008). ‘Decisions Adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its Ninth Meeting. UNEP/CBD/COP/9/29.’ (United Nations Environment Programme: Bonn.)
UN-CBD (2011). ‘Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.’ (United Nations Environment Programme: Nagoya.)
UN-General Assembly (2008). ‘United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.’ (United Nations General Assembly: New York.)
UN-ITPGR (2009). ‘International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.’ (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation: Rome.)
UNCTAD (2005). Report of the UNCTAD-Commonwealth Secretariat Workshop on Elements of National Sui Generis Systems for the Preservation, Protection and Promotion of Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices and Options for an International Framework. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2005/18, New York and Geneva.
UNESCO (2003). ‘Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.’ (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation: Paris.)
Vigilante, T., Dixon, K., Sieler, I., Roche, S., and Tieu, A. (1998). ‘Smoke Germination of Australian Plants.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Vincent, A. (2010). ‘The Bush Tomato Handbook.’ (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Walsh, F., and Douglas, J. (2011). No bush foods without people: the essential human dimension to the sustainability of trade in native plant products from desert Australia. The Rangeland Journal 33, 395–416.
| No bush foods without people: the essential human dimension to the sustainability of trade in native plant products from desert Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Waycott, M. (2010). ‘Genetic Diversity, Trait Variation and Plant Improvement.’ DKCRC CP2.1 Final report. (Desert Knowledge Cooperative Research Centre: Alice Springs.)
Waycott, M., Jones, B., Van Dijk, J., Robson, H., and Calladine, A. (2011). Microsatellite markers in the Australian desert plant, Solanum centrale (Solanaceae). American Journal of Botany 98, e81–e83.
| Microsatellite markers in the Australian desert plant, Solanum centrale (Solanaceae).Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |
Whalen, M. (1984). Conspectus of species groups in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum. Gentes Herbarum 12, 179–282.
White, J. (2012). Indigenous Peoples’ livelihoods and emerging bush produce industries – Recent experiences from Australia’s arid zone. PhD Thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Whitehead, P., Gorman, J., Griffiths, A., Wightman, G., Massarella, H., and Altman, J. (2006). ‘Feasibility of Small Scale Commercial Native Plant Harvests by Indigenous Communities.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
Wilson, L., Douglas, J., and Walsh, F. (2008). Respecting Aboriginal people and their knowledge: Protocols for people involved in commercial bush foods enterprises, research and development with produce and knowledge from Central Australia. In: ‘Desert Knowledge Symposium: Developing Desert Directions –Rethinking the Future’. Alice Springs, NT. (Desert Knowledge CRC: Alice Springs.) Available at: www.nintione.com.au/publication/dkcrc-0563
WTO (1994). ‘Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) – Annex 1C of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization.’ (World Trade Organisation: Geneva.)
Yates, P. (2009). The bush foods industry and poverty alleviation in central Australia. Dialogue/Academy of Social Sciences in Australia 28, 47–56.
Zhao, J., and Agboola, S. (2007). ‘Functional Properties of Australian Bushfoods.’ (Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.)
