Beyond cattle: potential futures of the pastoral industry in the Northern Territory

References

ABARE (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics) (2009). Farm survey data for the beef, slaughter lambs and sheep industries. Available at: http://www.abareconomics.com/ame/mla/mla.asp (accessed 8 December 2010).

Allan, G. E., and Southgate, R. I. (2002). Fire regimes in the spinifex landscape of Australia. In: ‘Flammable Australia. The fire regimes and biodiversity of a continent’. (Eds R. A. Bradstock, J. E. Williams and A. M. Gill.) pp. 145–176. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)

Ash, A., and Stafford Smith, M. (2003). Pastoralism in tropical rangelands: seizing the opportunity to change. The Rangeland Journal 25, 113–127.
| Pastoralism in tropical rangelands: seizing the opportunity to change.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Blesing, D., Andrew, M., Foran, B., Abel, N., and Bourne, J. (1996). Looking out or looking in: two ways ahead for Australia’s rangelands. In: ‘Sustainable Habitation in the Rangelands. Proceedings of Fenner Conference on the Environment’. 29–30 October 1996. CSIRO, Canberra. (Eds N. Abel and S. Ryan.) p. 156. (CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology: Canberra.)

BOM (Bureau of Meteorology) (2010). Climate Data Online. Available at: http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/index.shtml (accessed 8 December 2010).

Bray, S. G., and Golden, R. (2009). Scenario analysis of alternative vegetation management options on the greenhouse gas budget of two grazing businesses in north-eastern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 31, 137–142.

Brugnach, M., Tagg, A., Keil, F., and de Lange, W. J. (2007). Uncertainty matters: computer models at the science–policy interface. Water Resources Management 21, 1075–1090.
| Uncertainty matters: computer models at the science–policy interface.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Burns, B. M., Fordyce, G., and Holroyd, R. G. (2010). A review of factors that impact on the capacity of beef cattle females to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf–Implications for reproductive efficiency in northern Australia. Animal Reproduction Science 122, 1–22.
| A review of factors that impact on the capacity of beef cattle females to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf–Implications for reproductive efficiency in northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cfotFWnsA%3D%3D&md5=05c1e32d96dc5859155f13db7c08eb88CAS | 20447780PubMed |

Clarke, M., Morison, J., and Yates, W. (2007). ‘The Live Export Industry: Assessing the Value of the Livestock Export Industry to Regional Australia.’ (Meat & Livestock Australia: Sydney.) Available at: http://www.mla.com.au/Research-and-development/Final-report-details?projectid=14917 (accessed 8 December 2010).

Coates, J. F. (2000). Scenario planning. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65, 115–123.
| Scenario planning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cobon, D. H., Stone, G. S., Carter, J. O., Scanlan, J. C., Toombs, N. R., Zhang, X., Willcocks, J., and McKeon, G. M. (2009). The climate change risk management matrix for the grazing industry of northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal 31, 31–49.
| The climate change risk management matrix for the grazing industry of northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Collier, N., Austin, B. J., Bradshaw, C. J. A., and McMahon, C. R. (2010). Turning pests into profits: introduced buffalo provide multiple benefits to indigenous people of Northern Australia. Human Ecology 39, 155–164.
| Turning pests into profits: introduced buffalo provide multiple benefits to indigenous people of Northern Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Cook, G. D., and Meyer, C. P. (2009). Fire, fuels and greenhouse gases. In: ‘Culture, Ecology and Economy of Fire Management in North Australian Savannas. Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition’. (Eds J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead and P. Cooke.) pp. 314–327. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Cook, G. D., Williams, R. J., Stokes, C. J., Hutley, L. B., Ash, A. J., and Richards, A. E. (2010). Managing sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Australia’s rangelands and tropical savannas. Rangeland Ecology and Management 63, 137–146.
| Managing sources and sinks of greenhouse gases in Australia’s rangelands and tropical savannas.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Costanza, R., and Ruth, M. (1998). Using dynamic modeling to scope environmental problems and build consensus. Environmental Management 22, 183–195.
| Using dynamic modeling to scope environmental problems and build consensus.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 9465128PubMed |

Cribb, J., Harper, G., and Stone, P. (2009). Sustaining growth of the northern beef industry. Chapter 05. In: ‘Northern Australia Land and Water Science Review 2009’. (CSIRO – Northern Australia Land and Water Taskforce.) Available at: http://www.nalwt.gov.au/files/Chapter_05-Sustaining_northern_beef_industry.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

CSIRO (Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation) (2010). Future scenarios for the Great Barrier Reef Catchment: helping to plan for an uncertain future. Available at: http://www.csiro.au/resources/greatbarrierreeffuturescenarios.html (accessed 8 December 2010).

CSIRO and BOM (Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Research Organisation – Bureau of Meteorology) (2007). ‘Climate Change in Australia: Technical Report 2007.’ (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Darnhofer, I., Bellon, S., Dedieu, B., and Milestad, R. (2010). Adaptiveness to enhance the sustainability of farming systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 30, 545–555.
| Adaptiveness to enhance the sustainability of farming systems. A review.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Day, K. A., McKeon, G. M., and Carter, J. O. (1997). DAQ-124A Evaluating the risks of pasture and land degradation in native pastures in Queensland. Final Report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation – Queensland Department of Primary Industries. Available at: http://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/grasp/pdf/GRASP_REPORT.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

DPIFM (Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines, Northern Territory Government) (2008). Factsheet 1: NT Pastoral Industry and Climate Change Overview. Available at: http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Climate_Change/CCFS01.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

DRDPIFR (Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Northern Territory Government) (2008). NT Plant Industries Profile 2007. Information Sheet IS60. Available at: http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Primary_Industry/Content/File/horticulture/IS60_NT_Plant_Industries_Profile.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

DRDPIFR (Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Northern Territory Government) (2009a). Annual Report 2008–2009. Available at: http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/AR/AR_2009.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

DRDPIFR (Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, Northern Territory Government) (2009b). Growing our primary industries. Partnerships for productivity. Available at: http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/pi/growingourPI_21_10.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Drucker, A. G., Garnett, S. T., Luckert, M. K., Crowley, G. M., and Gobius, N. (2008). Manager-based valuations of alternative fire management regimes on Cape York Peninsula, Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire 17, 660–673.
| Manager-based valuations of alternative fire management regimes on Cape York Peninsula, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

EIO (Energy Information Organisation) (2008). Annual Energy Outlook 2008. Available at: www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo08/index.html (accessed 8 December 2010).

Fisher, A. D., Colditz, I. G., Lee, C., and Ferguson, D. M. (2009). The influence of land transport on animal welfare in extensive farming systems. 2008 Australian RSPCA Welfare Symposium. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 4, 157–162.
| The influence of land transport on animal welfare in extensive farming systems. 2008 Australian RSPCA Welfare Symposium.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Foran, B. D. (2007). Sifting the future from the past: a personal assessment of trends impacting the Australian rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 29, 3–11.
| Sifting the future from the past: a personal assessment of trends impacting the Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Ford, M., Gurney, A., Tulloh, C., McInnis, T., Mi, R., and Ahammad, H. (2009). Agriculture and the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS): Economic Issues and Implications. ABARE Issues & Insights 9.2. Available at: http://www.abare.gov.au/publications_html/ins/insights_09/a2.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Garnaut Climate Change Review (2008). Targets and trajectories: Supplementary Draft Report. Available at: http://www.garnautreview.org.au/CA25734E0016A131/WebObj/GarnautReviewTargetsandtrajectories/$File/Garnaut%20Review%20Targets%20and%20trajectories.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Garnett, S. T., and Williamson, G. (2010). Spatial and temporal variation in precipitation at the start of the rainy season in tropical Australia. The Rangeland Journal 32, 215–226.
| Spatial and temporal variation in precipitation at the start of the rainy season in tropical Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Garnett, S. T., Woinarski, J. C. Z., Crowley, G. M., and Kutt, A. S. (2010). Biodiversity conservation in Australian tropical rangelands. In: ‘Wild Rangelands: Conserving Wildlife While Maintaining Livestock in Semi-Arid Ecosystems’. (Eds J. du Toit, R. Kock and J. Deutsch.) pp. 191–234. (Blackwell Scientific: London.)

Greiner, R., Gordon, I., and Cocklin, C. (2009). Ecosystem services from tropical savannas: economic opportunities through payments for environmental services. The Rangeland Journal 31, 51–59.

Heckbert, S., Davies, J., Cook, G., McIvor, J., Bastin, G., and Liedloff, A. (2008). ‘Land Management for Emissions Offsets on Indigenous Lands.’ (CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems: Townsville.) Available at: http://www.csiro.au/files/files/pnpo.pdf (accessed 16 July 2010).

Herrero, M., Thornton, P. K., Gerber, P., and Reid, R. S. (2009). Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: understanding the trade-offs. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 1, 111–120.
| Livestock, livelihoods and the environment: understanding the trade-offs.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hill, M. J., Braaten, R., and McKeon, G. M. (2003). A scenario calculator for effects of grazing land management on carbon stocks in Australian rangelands. Environmental Modelling & Software 18, 627–644.
| A scenario calculator for effects of grazing land management on carbon stocks in Australian rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hill, M. J., Roxburgh, S. H., Carter, J. O., and McKeon, G. M. (2005). Vegetation state change and consequent carbon dynamics in savanna woodlands of Australia in response to grazing, drought and fire: a scenario approach using 113 years of synthetic annual fire and grassland growth. Australian Journal of Botany 53, 715–739.
| Vegetation state change and consequent carbon dynamics in savanna woodlands of Australia in response to grazing, drought and fire: a scenario approach using 113 years of synthetic annual fire and grassland growth.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Holmes, J. (2010). The multifunctional transition in Australia’s tropical savannas: the emergence of consumption, protection and indigenous values. Geographical Research 48, 265–280.
| The multifunctional transition in Australia’s tropical savannas: the emergence of consumption, protection and indigenous values.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Howden, S. M., Crimp, S. J., and Stokes, C. J. (2008). Climate change and Australian livestock systems: impacts, research and policy issues. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 780–788.
| Climate change and Australian livestock systems: impacts, research and policy issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Hunt, L. P. (2003). Opportunities for the future in Australia’s grazed rangelands. The Rangeland Journal 25, 183–195.
| Opportunities for the future in Australia’s grazed rangelands.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

ILC (Indigenous Land Corporation) (2009). Annual Report 08–09. Available at: www.ilc.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/ILC_AnnualReport_08-09_FullDocument.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

ILC (Indigenous Land Corporation) (2010). Indigenous Pastoral Program, NT. Available at: www.ilc.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=243 (accessed 8 December 2010).

ISEE Systems, Inc. (2009). STELLA Systems – Thinking for Education and Research. Available at: www.iseesystems.com/softwares/Education/StellaSoftware.aspx (accessed 8 December 2010).

Janssen, M. A., Walker, B., Langridge, J., and Abel, N. (2000). An adaptive agent model for analysing co-evolution of management and policies in a complex rangeland system. Ecological Modelling 131, 249–268.
| An adaptive agent model for analysing co-evolution of management and policies in a complex rangeland system.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Jones, T., Wood, D., Hughes, M., Pham, T., Pamdubi, D., Spurr, R., Dwyer, L., Deery, M., and Fredline, L. (2010). ‘Tourism Destination Modelling: Building a Sustainable Planning Tool for Australian Tourism Destinations.’ (Sustainable Tourism CRC: Gold Coast.) Available at: www.crctourism.com.au/BookShop/BookDetail.aspx?d=720 (accessed 8 December 2010).

Kassa, H., Campbell, B., Sandewall, M., Kebede, M., Tesfaye, Y., Dessie, G., Seifu, A., Tadesse, M., Garedew, E., and Sandewall, K. (2009). Building future scenarios and uncovering persisting challenges of participatory forest management in Chilimo forest, central Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Management 90, 1004–1013.
| Building future scenarios and uncovering persisting challenges of participatory forest management in Chilimo forest, central Ethiopia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 18439742PubMed |

Kutt, A., Felderhof, L., VanDerWal, J., Stone, P., and Perkins, G. (2009). Terrestrial ecosystems of northern Australia. Chapter 04. In: ‘Northern Australia Land and Water Science Review 2009’. (CSIRO – Northern Australia Land and Water Taskforce.) Available at: www.nalwt.gov.au/files/Chapter_04-Terrestrial_ecosystems.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Law, R., and Garnett, S. T. (2011). Mapping carbon in tropical Australia: estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes in the Northern Territory using the national carbon accounting toolbox. Ecological Management & Restoration , .
| Mapping carbon in tropical Australia: estimates of carbon stocks and fluxes in the Northern Territory using the national carbon accounting toolbox.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Martin, P., Van Mellor, T., and Hooper, S. (2007). ‘Australian Beef 07.1. Live Cattle Export Trade. Importance to Northern and Southern Australian Beef Industries.’ (Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics: ACT.) Available at: www.abare.gov.au/publications_html/livestock/livestock_07/beef07.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

McArthur, L. C., and Gaillard, M. (2009). Two modelling approaches to determine the effect of sheep grazing on the sustainability of long lived native trees species in arid Australia. In: ‘18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation’. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, and International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, July 2009. (Eds R. S. Anderssen, R. D. Braddock and L. T. H. Newham.) pp. 2377–2383. (MSSANZ: Canberra.) Available at: http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim09/B1/mcarthur.pdf

McKeon, G. M., Stone, G. S., Syktus, J. I., Carter, J. O., Flood, N. R., Ahrens, D. G., Bruget, D. N., Chilcott, C. R., Cobon, D. H., Cowley, R. A., Crimp, S. J., Fraser, G. W., Howden, S. M., Johnston, P. W., Ryan, J. G., Stokes, C. J., and Day, K. A. (2009). Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues. The Rangeland Journal 31, 1–29.
| Climate change impacts on northern Australian rangeland livestock carrying capacity: a review of issues.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Miller, C. P., and Stockwell, T. G. H. (1991). Sustaining productive pasture in the tropics. 4. Augmenting native pasture with legumes. Tropical Grasslands 25, 98–103.

Murphy, B. P., Russell-Smith, J., and Prior, L. D. (2010). Frequent fires reduce tree growth in northern Australian savannas: implications for tree demography and carbon sequestration. Global Change Biology 16, 331–343.
| Frequent fires reduce tree growth in northern Australian savannas: implications for tree demography and carbon sequestration.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

NTCA (Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association) (2008). Year in Review 2007–08. Available at: www.ntca.org.au/_assets/NTCA_07_08_Yearbook_1.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

NTCA (Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association) (2009). Year in Review 2008–09. Available at: www.ntca.org.au/_assets/NTCA_08_09_Part1.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

O’Connor, M. H., MacFarlane, M., Fisher, J., MacRae, D., and Lefroy, T. (2005). The Avon River Basin in 2050: scenario planning in the Western Australian. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 563–580.
| The Avon River Basin in 2050: scenario planning in the Western Australian.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Oxley, T., Leigo, S., Hausler, P., Bubb, A., and MacDonald, N. (2006). Pastoral industry survey 2004: NT wide. Department of Primary Industry, Fisheries and Mines, Northern Territory Government. Available at: www.nt.gov.au/d/Primary_Industry/Content/File/PastoralSurvey_ntwide.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Peterson, G. D., Cumming, G. S., and Carpenter, S. R. (2003). Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world. Conservation Biology 17, 358–366.
| Scenario planning: a tool for conservation in an uncertain world.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Petherick, J. C. (2005). Animal welfare issues associated with extensive livestock production: the northern Australian beef cattle industry. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 92, 211–234.
| Animal welfare issues associated with extensive livestock production: the northern Australian beef cattle industry.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Phillips, C. J. C., Wojciechowska, J., Meng, J., and Cross, N. (2009). Perceptions of the importance of different welfare issues in livestock production. Animal 3, 1152–1166.
| Perceptions of the importance of different welfare issues in livestock production.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Productivity Commission (2002). Impact of a foot and mouth disease outbreak on Australia. Research Report. AusInfo, Canberra. Available at: www.pc.gov.au/projects/study/footandmouth/docs/finalreport (accessed 8 December 2010).

Robertson, G. A. (2003). Global influences on rangelands of Australia. The Rangeland Journal 25, 128–139.
| Global influences on rangelands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Russell-Smith, J., Murphy, B. P., Meyer, C. P., Cook, G. D., Maier, S., Edwards, A. C., Schatz, J., and Brocklehurst, P. (2009). Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, 1–18.
| Improving estimates of savanna burning emissions for greenhouse accounting in northern Australia: limitations, challenges, applications.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhvFaqs74%3D&md5=1062f4a6c7df472fa21157b882fa7197CAS |

Sandker, M., Suwarno, A., and Campbell, B. M. (2007). Will forests remain in the face of oil palm expansion? Simulating change in Malinau, Indonesia. Ecology and Society 12, 37. Available at: www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art37/

Senge, P. M. (1990). ‘The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation.’ (Doubleday Currency: New York.)

Tidwell, V. C., and van den Brink, C. (2008). Cooperative modeling: linking science, communication, and ground water planning. Ground Water 46, 174–182.
| Cooperative modeling: linking science, communication, and ground water planning.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar | 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXjsVKms7g%3D&md5=d083c65469d0391cc1d268d7417cf31dCAS | 18194321PubMed |

Tropical Savannas CRC (2009). The West Arnhem Fire Abatement Project (WALFA). Available at: www.savanna.org.au/savanna_web/information/arnhem_fire_project.html (accessed 8 December 2010).

Voinov, A., and Bousquet, F. (2010). Modelling with stakeholders. Environmental Modelling & Software 25, 1268–1281.
| Modelling with stakeholders.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Walker, P. A., Greiner, R., McDonald, D., and Lyne, V. (1998). The Tourism Futures Simulator: a systems thinking approach. Environmental Modelling & Software 14, 59–67.
| The Tourism Futures Simulator: a systems thinking approach.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Whitehead, P. P., Cooke, P. M., Russell-Smith, J., and Sutton, S. (2009). The West Arnhem Land Fire Abatement (WALFA) project: the institutional environment and its implications. In: ‘Culture, Ecology and Economy of Fire Management in North Australian Savannas. Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition’. (Eds J. Russell-Smith, P. Whitehead and P. Cooke.) pp. 287–312. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.)

Williams, R. J., Duff, G. A., Bowman, D. M. J. S., and Cook, G. D. (1996). Variation in the composition and structure of tropical savannas as a function of rainfall and soil texture along a large-scale climatic gradient in the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Biogeography 23, 747–756.
| Variation in the composition and structure of tropical savannas as a function of rainfall and soil texture along a large-scale climatic gradient in the Northern Territory, Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Winch, G. W. (1995). Developing consensus: reflections on a model-supported decision process. Management Decision 33, 22–31.
| Developing consensus: reflections on a model-supported decision process.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |

Witt, G. B., Witt, K. J., Carter, R. W., and Gordon, A. (2009). Exploring the ‘city-bush divide’: what do urban people really think of farmers and rural land management? Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16, 168–180.

Wollenberg, E., Edmunds, D., and Buck, L. (2000). ‘Anticipating Change: Scenarios as a Tool for Adaptive Forest Management – a Guide.’ (Centre for International Forestry Research: Bogor, Indonesia.) Available at: www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/scenarios.pdf (accessed 8 December 2010).

Young, M. D. (1981). Pressures for competing uses of the north west pastoral lands of Australia. The Australian Rangeland Journal 3, 149–160.
| Pressures for competing uses of the north west pastoral lands of Australia.Crossref | GoogleScholarGoogle Scholar |