61 CLONED MOUSE PRODUCED USING A ZONA FREE METHOD OF NUCLEAR TRANSFER

Abstract

Mice have been cloned from somatic and embryonic cells; however, only 0–3% of the reconstructed embryos develop into viable offspring. In addition, the piezo microinjection method widely used for mouse nuclear transfer (NT) is difficult to master. Our objective was to compare cumulus and ES cells as nuclear donors using a simplified method of zona-free NT. In cattle, zona-free NT is simpler, faster, easier to learn and more reproducible than zona-intact NT (Oback et al. 2003 Cloning Stem Cells 5, 3–12). Oocytes were recovered at metaphase II stage (13 h after hCG injection) from the oviducts of C57BL/6J × DBA/2 F1 females (8–10 weeks of age). Cumulus cells were removed with hyaluronidase (300 units/mL) and the zona pellucida digested with pronase (0.5%) at 37°C for 3 min. Oocytes were then enucleated under UV light in cytochalasin B (5 μg/mL) after a 5-min staining with Hoechst (5 μL/mL). The metaphase DNA was removed in an enucleation pipette (16–20 μm, perpendicular break) by separating karyoplast and cytoplast with a simple separation pipette (60–80 μm, perpendicular break, closed round tip). Embryonic stem (ES) cells were cultured for 3 days and serum-starved for 16 h before use. Cells from this line had yielded offspring by the piezo procedure. Cumulus cells were used freshly. Donor cells were attached to the cytoplasts with phytohemagglutinin (10 μg/mL) and couplets were electrically fused in 0.2 mM mannitol buffer. Reconstructed embryos were activated 1–2 h after fusion for 5–6 h in CZB medium containing 10 mM strontium chloride and 5 μg/mL of cytochalasin B. Embryos were cultured individually in 5-μL droplets in CZB. Morulae and blastocysts were transferred into the uteri (Day 2.5) of pseudopregnant surrogate mothers (C57BL/6J × CBA/2J). Recipient mothers were sacrificed at 19.5 days postcoitum and pups removed. Airways were cleaned to remove fluid and the pups were held in a warm box before being fostered by a lactating mother. During development of the technique, we assessed the frequency of fusion, cleavage of reconstructed embryos, and development to morula/blastocyst stage. Fusion (58.1 ± 6.7% vs. 24.2 ± 1.7%, P < 0.001) and cleavage (66.4 ± 4.2% vs. 50.5 ± 5.4%, P < 0.05), all respectively, were higher when cumulus cells were used as donors, as compared with ES cells. However, the percentage of embryos developing to morula/blastocyst stage was greater when ES cells were used (22.2 ± 4.2% vs. 5.3 ± 2.7%, P < 0.01). Using ES cells as donors, 19/94 (20.2%) reconstructed embryos reached compacted morula/blastocyst stage. After transfer to five recipients, one pup was born (5.2%). It was larger and heavier than uncloned pups of the same age. The pup is healthy and now 12 weeks old. Genotype was confirmed by microsatellite analysis. The birth of a healthy cloned mouse pup from zona-free NT provides “proof of principle” of a technology that promises to increase throughput, ease of operation, and reproducibility of mouse cloning.